*7.4.2 IPM approaches*

For managing Serpentine leaf miner, use yellow sticky traps or cards. Erecting of bird perches @ 20/acre for encouraging predatory birds such as king crow, mynah etc. [66]. Ecological engineering of tomato with growing of ovipositional trap crops such as castor [67]. For gram pod borer field sanitation, ecological engineering of tomato with growing intercrops such as cowpea, onion, maize, coriander, uradbean etc. [68] and growing sorghum or maize in 4 rows all around tomato crop as guard crop. Rotate the tomato crop with a non-host cereal crop, cucurbit, or cruciferous vegetable. Instal pheromone traps @ 4–5/acre for monitoring adult moths' activity [69], setting up of light trap @ 1/acre. Conserve parasitoids such as *Trichogramma chilonis* (egg), *Tetrastichus* spp. (egg), *Telenomus* spp. (egg), *Chelonus blackburni* (egg-larval), *Carcelia* spp. (larval-pupal), *Campoletis chlorideae* (larval), *Eriborusargentio pilosus* (larval), *Microplitis* sp. etc. Conserve predators such as lacewings, lady beetles, spiders and fire ants conserve predators such as *C. carnea*, coccinellids, King crow, common mynah, wasp, dragonfly, spider, robber fly, reduviid bug, praying mantis, fire ants, big-eyed bugs (*Geocoris* sp), pentatomid bug (*Eocanthecona furcellata*), earwigs, ground 34 beetles, rove beetles etc. Spraying NSKE 5% against eggs and first instar larva or azadirachtin 5% W/W neem extract concentrate @ [70]. spray dimethoate 30% EC. Leafhoppers, soil application of neem cake 100 kg/acre, Conserving predators such as ladybird beetles and green lacewings and parasitoids such as *Anagrus flaveolus* and *Stethynium triclavatum*. For serpentine leaf miner, spraying azadirachtin 1% (10000 ppm) neem-based EC or

azadirachtin 5% W/W neem extract concentrate [71], apply entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) @ 20–120 crore infective juveniles of *Steinernemafeltiae*/acre, Spray with indoxacarb 14.5% SC or flubendiamide 20% WG or flubendiamide 39.35% M/M SC or novaluron 10% EC or carbaryl 50% WP or chlorantranilioprole 18.5% SC or lambda-cyhalothrin 4.9% CS or lambda-cyhalothrin 5% EC or phosalone 35% EC or quinalphos 20% AF or quinalphos 25% EC.
