*9.2.2 IPM approaches*

Destroying ant nests from shade trees and promoting favorable environmental conditions for the growth of the white halo fungus are two ways to manage coffee scales (*Verticillium lecanii*). Maintain optimal shade on the estates to control the White coffee stem borer (two-tiered shade tree system). Collar prune the infested plants, uproot if the borer has entered into the root, burn the affected plants immediately and remove the loose scaly bark of the main stem and thick primaries using a coir glove or coconut husk to eliminate the cracks and crevices which are used by the female beetle to place eggs on the stem. After removing susceptible plants by tracing, use a scrubbing or 10% lime coating or stem wrapping with empty fertiliser bags in hot spot areas, such as open patches and estate borders with poorly managed estates [83]. Pheromone traps can be set up in the field at a height of 1.8 to 2 metres above ground level. The traps should be laid out in a grid of 25 traps per hectare, with a 20-meter interval between them. During the summer, the shot hole borer will be controlled by cutting the affected twigs 2.5 to 7 cm below the shot hole and burning, removing, and killing all undesired / infested suckers, as well as keeping thin shade and providing good drainage in the estate. During the early part of the flight period, between April and October each year, spray Chloropyrifos 20 EC at a dosage of 600 ml in 200 l of water, coupled with 200 ml of any wetting agent on the main stem and thick primaries. Coffeeberry borer will be controlled through the use of cultural practises and phytosanitary measures, such as fumigation with aluminium phosphide under the supervision of a pest control agency or a technical expert, timely harvest, spreading gunny bags or polythene sheets at the time of harvest to reduce gleaning, removing gleanings and leftovers, dipping infested berries in boiling water for 2–3 minutes kills all stages inside, During the drying process, traps can be placed around the drying yard [84]. Dusting quinalphos 1.5% or methyl parathion 2% on afflicted patches and spraying with 4 litres of kerosene in 22 litres of water combined with 200 ml of any agricultural wetting agent reduced coffee mealybug. Drenching with roger 30EC at 3.3 ml per litre of water in the case of young plants (2–4 years).
