*8.2.1 Important pests*

Banana rhizome weevil (*Cosmopolitus sordidus*), banana stem weevil *Odoiporus longicollis)*, banana leaf-eating caterpillar (*S. litura*), Banana aphid (*Pentalonia nigronervosa*), flower thrips (*Thrips florum*), Banana lacewing bug (*Stephanitis typicus*), hard scale (*Aspidiotus destructor*), fruit fly (*B. dorsalis*), banana scab moth (*Nacoleia octasema).*

#### *8.2.2 IPM approaches*

Maintain sanitation in the orchard for banana aphids by following clean cultural practices [76]. Deep ploughing of the field is a helpful strategy for managing white grubs because it exposes the grubs to desiccation and insectivorous bird predation. During the night hours, collect and destroy beetles in kerosene mixed water and with light traps/pheromone traps. Addition of cover crop (inclusion of fallow in rotation sequences mass trapping and use of biological control agents in insect pest suppression may prove to be beneficial as alternative IPM strategies for the Banana rhizome weevil. Pheromone traps are used in mass trapping to keep insect populations under control Individual-based models (IBMs) were examined to depict the spatial dynamics of the banana weevil in relation to the cropping system. Crop fragmentation and mass trapping were considered tools for reducing insect numbers. The results showed that altering agricultural residues in the area around each pheromone trap increased trap efficiency significantly. Traps were most efficient at catching weevils escaping the fallow in an intensive banana plantation fallow when placed at the transition zone between the banana region and the fallow. Before planting the suckers, wash them and immerse them in a Chlorpyriphos 20 EC [77]. Cleanliness in the orchard is critical. On the white grub-infested host plants, spray carbaryl at a rate of 2 ml per lit. Plants are protected from a termite infestation by using chlorpyriphos 20EC @ 400 ml/gunta with irrigation water or intermittent irrigation. Spray the pseudostem and soak the base of the tree with chlorpyriphos 20 EC. Spray Malathion 50 EC after one week. The fungus *Beauveria bassiana*, in combination with entomopathogenic nematodes (*Steinernema spp*. and *Heterorhabditis spp.*), appears to be effective in nematode control. The use of biological control agents in pseudostem traps in combination with pheromone attractants could be future development in control procedures.

#### **8.3 Citrus**

#### *8.3.1 Important pests*

Aphid (*Toxoptera aurantii*), citrus psylla (*Diaphorina citri*), fruit sucking moth (*Eudocima fullonica*, *E. maternal*), citrus/lemon butterfly (*Papilio demoleus, P. polytes*), citrus blackfly *(Aleurocanthus woglumi)*, soft scale: *Coccus hesperidium*).

#### *8.3.2 Integrated pest management practices*

Intercropping, excessive irrigation, and nitrogen application should all be avoided to control citrus psylla since they increase humidity in the orchards, which is conducive to pest growth. Pruning the impacted and dry shoots as well as modifying the canopy structure to aid in optimum light interception is recommended. Curry leaf should not be grown near citrus orchards because it can serve as a breeding ground for psylla. Each flushing season, two releases of *Mallada desjardinsi* (Navas) (=*M. boninensis* (Okamoto) @ 30 larvae/tree lower citrus psylla infestation levels Pruning of all afflicted sections throughout the winter is recommended for managing citrus leaf miner and keeping the pest population under control in extreme cases. Pruning should be avoided during active growth phases because it causes more fresh flushes, allowing the pest to have more generations. The citrus blackfly can be controlled by not planting infested seedlings. Plant the orchards at the appropriate spacing. Close spacing, excessive nitrogen application, and waterlogging should all be avoided.

#### *Holistic Pest Management Strategies in Tropical Plant Species DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105104*

Alternative hosts of the pest include guava, sapota, and pomegranate, which should not be grown near citrus groves. Clipping and destroying the afflicted shoots is recommended [78]. Avoid twig cutting before the blackfly's predicted egg-laying season. Spraying neem oil @ 100 ml or Karanja oil @ 100 ml + Teepol 10 ml during egg-laying reduces blackfly egg-laying. Fruit Sucking Moths can be controlled by getting rid of fallen fruits, which attract the moths. To avoid pest development, orchard horticulture must be kept clean. Fruit bagging on a modest scale is effective. Smoke is produced in orchards in the late evening hours, which repels the bug The adults would be attracted to light traps and poison baiting with malathion 50 EC @ 10 ml + 100 g jaggery +100 ml mandarin juice +900 ml water (two bottles of poison bait/25–30 trees). Fruit flies in citrus can be controlled by submerging wooden blocks in a 6: 4: 1 solution of ethanol, methyl eugenol, and malathion for 72 hours. In the 24th week of August, instal PAU fruit fly traps at a rate of 16 traps per square foot. If necessary, refill the traps. The collection and destruction of fallen fruits at regular intervals would limit the growth of puparia, reducing the fly population for the next year. Use male attractive fly traps baited with 0.1% methyl eugenol and 0.05% malathion 20 EC @ 25 traps/ha beginning 60 days before fruit harvest and fresh solution every 7 days to control fruit fly. Citrus aphids can be controlled with horticultural mineral oil at a concentration of 1.25% (12.5 ml I″ water) [Quinalphos 25 EC @ 1 ml or petroleum spray oil @5.9 ml or novaluron 10 EC @ 0.55 ml or imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.4 ml or thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.32 g or acetamiprid 20 SP or neem oil @ 1–5 ml or imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.5 ml can be exploited for the control of various pests in citrus [79].
