*5.1.1 Important pests*

Aphid (*A. craccivora*), bruchids (*Caryedon serratus*), jassid (*Empoasca kerri*), leaf miner (*Aproarema modicella*), termite (*Odontotermes spp*.), thrips (*Scirtothrips dorsalis, Thrips palmi*), tobacco caterpillar (*S. litura*), white grub (*Lachnosterna (Holotrichia*) *serrata* and *Lachnosterna (Holotrichia) consanguinea*), Bihar hairy caterpillar, (*Spilosoma*/*Diacrisia obliqua*), gram pod borer, (*Helicoverpa armigera*), jewel beetle (*Chrysochroa fulgidissima*).

#### *5.1.2 IPM approaches*

Semi loopers, capsule borers, and hairy caterpillars in groundnut can be controlled by planting one row of pigeonpea following groundnut. The following methods are used to manage *Helicoverpa armigera*: Setting up pheromone traps at a rate of 10 per hectare to monitor *Helicoverpaa armigera* / *S. liturai* [29], When a considerable number of eggs and early instar larvae are seen, HaNPV @ 250 LE/ha or SlNPV @ 250 LE/ha or Bt. 1 kg/ha or 5% NSKE will be sprayed if not reduced [30]. Pre-monsoon planting reduces damage from white grub and bud necrosis (if protective irrigation is available). The plants' cowpea or soybean function as trap crops for leaf miner. The major predators are a wide variety of spiders, *Odynerus punctum*, *Coccinella septempunctata*, *Chrysoperla carnea*, *Rhynocoris marginatus*, reduviid bug, praying mantis, fire ants, big eyed bugs (*Geocoris* sp.), pentatomid bug (*Eocanthecona furcellata*), earwigs, ground beetles, rove beetles etc. *Ovomermis albicans*, a nematode etc. and parasitoids are *Chelonus blackburni*, *Bracon spp*, *Brchymeria spp*., *Apanteles spp*., *Goniozus spp*., *Elasmus spp*., *Stenomesius*, *Sympiesis* and *Tetrastichus*, *Trichogramma chilonis*,*Tetrastichus spp.*, *Telenomus spp., Chelonus blackburni Carcelia spp.*, *Campoletis chlorideae*, *Bracon spp*. etc. [31]. If the pest is severe, use the prescribed dosages of a safe pesticide viz., carbofuran 3% CG for pod borer and white grub, chlorpyrifos 20% EC for aphid root grub, deltamethrin 2.8% EC for leaf miner, flubendiamide 20% WG for *spodoptera litura*, imidacloprid 17.8% SL for aphid and jassid, lambda-cyhalothrin 5% EC for thrips, leaf hopper, leaf miner, methomyl 40% SP for *spodoptera litura*, methoxyfenozide 21.8% w/w SC for leaf eating caterpillar groundnut leaf minor and pod borer, oxydemeton – methyl 25% EC for aphid/ leaf minor, phenthoate 50% EC for leaf webber, quinalphos 1.5% DP for thrips, jassids and red hairy caterpillar, quinalphos 20% AF for spodoptera, quinalphos 25% EC for leaf hopper, leaf miner, thrips, thiamethoxam 75% W/W SG for termites etc. [32].
