*7.1.2 IPM approaches*

Growing maize/sorghum on borders as a barrier/trap crop for the entry of shoot & fruit borer adults and set up yellow sticky and delta traps for white fly etc. Erection of bird perches @ 10/acre in the field for facilitating bird predation [53]. Removal and destruction of borer affected shoots and fruits. Sprinkler irrigation to reduce the whitefly population Application of botanical insecticides. Inundative release of natural enemies such as *Trichogramma brasiliensis* against *Earias vittella* and *H. armigera* and *Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi* for sap feeders [54]. Two to three sprays of NSKE @ 5% alternating with sprays of pesticides, if needed, for leaf hopper, white fly, mites and aphids etc. [55]. Leaf hopper, if crosses ETL (5 hoppers/plant), spray imidacloprid 17.8 [56]. This will be effective in controlling other sucking pests as well. Installation of pheromone traps @ 2/ acre for monitoring of *Earias vittella* moth emergence. Replace the lures after every 15–20-day interval. Releasing egg parasitoid *Trichogramma chilonis* @ 1–1.5 lakh/ ha starting from 30 to 35 days after sowing, 4–5 times at weekly interval for shoot & fruit borer. Need based application of chemical

pesticides viz. imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 150 ml/ha, cypermethrin 25 EC @ 200 g a.i/ha (0.005%), quinalphos 25 EC @ 0.05% or Propargite etc. 57 EC @ 0.1% for control of leaf hoppers, aphids, white flies, borers and mites.
