*5.2.2 IPM approaches*

Summer ploughing to expose the hibernating pupae to predatory birds or hot sun [33] and selection of triple or double bloom castor cultivars viz., DCH-519, GCH-4, GCH-5, GCH-7, YRCH-1 which are tolerant to leafhopper. Springer, Cham. Castor varieties/hybrids with non-spiny capsules (Jwala) or semi-compact spike (GCH-4, GCH-7) are less damaged by capsule borer. In areas where red hairy caterpillar (RHC) is a problem, using a light trap (200-watt mercury lamp covers 10 ha area) on a community basis with the first monsoon rains to attract and kill the adult moths. In situations, where operating electric light trap is not feasible, a petromax light of 200 candle *Holistic Pest Management Strategies in Tropical Plant Species DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105104*

power is also effective in attracting moths, covering 4–6 ha area [34]. Sowing cucumber along field borders preferably before sowing of castor attracts the migrating caterpillars of RHC [35]. Using vegetative twig traps (*Jatropha* or *Ipomoea* or *Calotropis*) for collection and killing of migrating larvae of red hairy caterpillars in endemic areas [36]. Sex pheromone trapinstalled for *S. litura* @ 10 traps/ha for monitoring and implementing timely control measures. Hand-picking and destruction of gregarious stages of *S. litura* and hairy caterpillars along with damaged leaves are effective for the management of defoliators in castor, which keep the defoliation level usually less [35]. Manipulation of parasitoid activity by avoiding spraying of insecticides, when 1–2 cocoons of larval parasitoid (*Microplitis maculipennis*) observed per plant [37]. If the damage by the insect pests exceeds ETL any of the following insecticides could be sprayed. Dimethoate 30% EC - jassids, mites, semi looper, malathion 50% EC. jassids, mites, semi looper, *B. thuringiensis var. Kurstaki*, Serotype H-39, 3B, Strain Z-52 for hairy caterpillar, *Achea Janata* [33].

#### **5.3 Sunflower**

#### *5.3.1 Important pests*

Tobacco caterpillar (*S. litura*), head borer (Helicoverpa armigera), jassids (Amrasca biguttula), thrips (*S. dorsalis*), green semilooper: Thysanoplusia orichalcea, cabbage semilooper (*Trichoplusia ni*), Bihar hairy caterpillar (Spilosoma obliqua), cutworm (*A. ipsilon*), termite (Odontotermes obesus).

#### *5.3.2 IPM approaches*

Close spacing, particularly if the rainfall is heavy, mixed cropping of sunflower with cotton, Studies on groundnut and sunflower intercropping system. Removing nearby weeds that may serve as a host for aphids before planting sunflowers can slow or prevent a serious infestation [38]. To manage whiteflies, installing yellow sticky traps, which are coated with grease/sticky oily materials may be effective. Flooding of orchard with water in the month of October to kill the eggs, ploughing of orchard in November, raking of soil around tree trunk to expose the eggs to natural enemies and sun and removal of weeds. Fastening of alkathene sheet (400 gauge)/grease band of 25 cm wide afterwards mud plastering of trunk at 30 cm above the ground in the middle of December and in July –August destruction of fallen leaves infested with scales. Bihar hairy caterpillar could be managed by pre-monsoon deep ploughing (two to three times) which expose the hibernating pupae to sunlight and predatory birds and timely sowing and clean cultivation [39]. Use of well rotten manure, intercropping with pigeon pea at a row ratio of 2:1 is effective in reducing the insect attack. Tobacco caterpillar will be controlled by intercropping sunflower with pigeon pea and spraying 5% neem seed kernel extract preferably in the evening or spraying SlNPV @ 100LE/acre/spraying *Clerodendrum inerme* dust (25%) and plant extracts (10%) [35]. For head borer management, intercrop with pigeon pea, groundnut, finger millet and soybean along with sowing trap crops like marigold at 50 plants/acre. The use of pheromone traps (4 traps/acre) to trap the male moths and setting of light traps (1 light trap/5 acre) to know the range of pest incidence as well as to kill moths' population is also effective method [38]. Spraying dichlorvos 76% EC, thiamethoxam 30% FS for jassids and thrips, thiamethoxam 70% WS for jassids & thrips, cypermethrin 10% EC for Bihar hairy caterpillar, imidacloprid 48% FS for

jassid, whitefly, imidacloprid 70% WS for jassid and whitefly, imidacloprid 17.8% SL for aphid and jassid, malathion 50% EC for white fly.

#### **6. Integrated pest management in commercial crops**

#### **6.1 Sugarcane**

#### *6.1.1 Important pests*

Early shoot borer (*Chilo infuscatellus*), pink borer (*Sesamia inferens*), top shoot borer (*Scirpophaga excerptalis*), root borer: (*Emmalocera depressella*), internode borer (*Chilo sacchariphagus indicus*), stalk borer (*Chilo auricilius*), white woolly aphid (*Ceratovacuna lanigera*), black bug (*Cavelerius sweeti*), whitefly (*Aleurolobus barodensis*), pyrilla (*Pyrilla perpusilla*), mealybug (*Saccharicoccus sacchari*), (*Oligonychus sacchari*), termites (*Odontotermes spp*).

#### *6.1.2 IPM approaches*

Expose the grub stages by deep ploughings for predation. Destroying the termitarium present on the bunds and nearer to the field. Sugarcane woolly aphid (SWA) reduced in Paired or wider row planting. Selection of infestation free stalks and the discarding of seed stalks, and leaves left after seed preparation reduce scale insect, mealy bugs, white flies, borers, sugarcane woolly aphids [40]. Collection and destruction of beetles from neem trees during nighttime immediately after first heavy showers for white grub control. For top shoot borer, the egg masses should be destroyed and the affected canes along with pest stages will be removed [41]. Avoid excess use of N fertilisers before earthing up [42]. For *Pyrilla* releasing 1000 viable cocoons of *Epiricania* parasites per ha. is effective [43]. Syrphid fly @ 1000 larvae or cocoons per ha [44]. Internode borer will be managed by releasing *Trichogramma chilonis* parasitized eggs in suitable instalments and the use of pheromone traps. Placing of pheromone sleeve traps @ 25 per hectare for *Chilo infuscatellus* control by destroying adult males. Soil application of 10 G phorate or 2% methyl parathion dust. For Pyrilla Releasing 1000 viable cocoons of *Epiricania* parasites per ha. White grub (L) will be managed by collection and destruction of adults from sugarcane and application of 10 G phorate. At planting (January) to manage termite, shoot borer and root borer drenching of 20 EC chlorpyriphos. Drenching the sets immediately after planting in-furrow with Chloranthriniliprole 35%WG and Chloranthriniliprole 35%WG, were proved superior by recording the lowest average per cent dead hearts by early shoot borer [45]. Application of *Metarhizium anisopliae* (Metschnikoff) Sorokin (Ma-1) against sugarcane white grub, *Holotrichia serrata* (Hope) at 1x1013 conidia ha−1 was found next best to chlorpyriphos. Spinetoram 12 SC were significantly effective in minimising, number of termites per colony [46]. For Rodents control bromadiolone cake 0.005% will be kept in rodent burrows or bait stations continuously for two days. Field evaluation of anticoagulant rodenticides, bromadiolone and difethialone in sugarcane fields of Cauvery delta. For Internode borer, Spot spraying of biopesticide like *Verticillium* Grasshopper Dusting of 2% methyl parathion dust in sugarcane and on bunds. 210–240 days after planting (August to September). Removal of 2–3 leaves containing egg and pupal stages

and spraying 0.08% DDVP or monocrotophos with addition of 2.5% N in spray solution or spraying neemark.

#### **6.2 Tobacco**

#### *6.2.1 Important pests*

Leaf eating caterpillar (*S. litura*), whitefly (*B. tabaci*), stem Borer (*Scrobipalpa heliopa*), gram pod borer/bud worm/ capsule borer (*Helicoverpa armigera*), grass hopper (*Acrida exultata, Cyrtacanthacris tartarica, Atractomorpha crenulate*).

#### *6.2.2 IPM approaches*

Deep summer ploughing, growing of castor as trap crop for oviposition, collection and destruction of egg masses and early instar larvae, removal of weeds are the common cultural practices of leaf eating caterpillar. Stem borer will be managed by removal of infested plants, use light trap. Whitefly and grass hoppers will be managed by field sanitation and rogueing of alternate hosts, planting tall border crops to reduce white fly infestations, Using yellow sticky traps or cards, Conserving the available natural enemies such as *Encarsia formosa*, *Eretmocerus spp*., *Dicyphushe sperus*, *Chrysocharis pentheus*, spiders, coccinellids, lacewings etc. *B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki*, Serotype H-3a, 3b, Strain Z-52, NPV of *S. litura* 0.5% AS (1x109 POB/ ml), Release parasitoids viz., *Trichogramma chilonis*, *Tetrastichus spp*., *Telenomus spp*, Spraying NSKE 5% against eggs and first instar larva, *Ichneumon promissorius*, *Bracon sp*, *Carcelia spp*, *Chaetopthalmus*, *Campoletis chloridae*, Lissopimpla excels, *Ichneumon promissorius*, Neem extract containing 5% azadirachtin W/W [47, 48].

#### **6.3 Cotton**

#### *6.3.1 Important pests*

Leaf hopper (*Amrasca devastans*), whitefly (*B. tabaci*), thrips (*Thrips tabaci*), aphids (*Aphis gossypii*), mealybugs (*Phenacoccus solenopsis*), tobacco caterpillar (*S. litura*), pink bollworm (*Pectinophora gossypiella*), spotted and spiny bollworm (*Earias vittella*) & (*Earias insulana*), Helicoverpa bollworm (*Helicoverpa armigera*), leaf roller (*Sylepta derogata*), red cotton bug (*Dysdercus cingulatus*), dusky cotton bug (*Oxycarenus hyalipennis*), semi-looper (*Anomis flava*), stem weevil (*Pempherulus affinis*), shoot weevil (*Alcidodes affaber*).

#### *6.3.2 IPM approaches*

Summer deep ploughing is used to reveal the soil's insect population's inhabiting/ resting phases. Crop rotation can help to limit the occurrence of many pests of cotton The crop should be kept weed-free for at least 8–9 weeks following sowing, or until the canopy begins to close in due to timely inter-culture. Intercropping cotton with pigeon pea, groundnut and pulse crops is encouraged, as is the use of trap/border crops such as okra (for shoot weevil), cannabis, castor, marigold, early pigeon pea, jowar, and maize crops [49]. To suppress main perennial weeds, a hoeing in between crop rows should be performed following the appearance of cotton seedlings.

Allowing animals to graze after the last picking is advised for reducing the carryover population of bollworms. Growing of *Setaria* as intercrop to serve as live bird perches and installing 8–10 bird perches per ha after 90 days of crop growth for the benefit of predatory birds Hand-picking and destruction of various insect stages viz., egg masses and gregarious larvae of *S. litura*, grown-up larva of *Helicoverpa armigera*, affected plant parts, rosetted flowers due to pink boll worm and rotted bolls. Growing maize interspersed with cowpea on border to attract predators and parasitoids [50]. Only sucking pest tolerant Bt cultivars should be used for endemic areas. For bollworm and *Spodoptera*, *Bacillus thuriengiensis var kurstaki* is recommended. [Only suitable for non-Bt cotton]. Chemical control strategies under IPM need need-based, rational, and safe pesticide use like 50WP Diafenthiuron and Diflubenzuron 25 WP for whiteflies, aphids, thrips, and jassids, diflubenzuron 25 WP for tobacco caterpillar, dinotefuran 20 SG for bollworms white flies, jassids, aphids, and Thrips, 5 SG emamectin benzoate for boll worms, pink american boll worm, spotted and spiny, fenvalerate 0.4 DP and Fipronil 5 for Aphid, Jassid, Thrips, White fly, spotted bollworm and pink bollworm, flonicamid 50 WG for boll worms aphids, jassids, thrips, and whiteflies; flubendiamide 20 WG and flubendiamide 39.35 SC for american bollworm, Fluvalinate 25 EC for bollworms (American and Spotted bollworm), imidacloprid 70 WG for aphids, jassids, red cotton bug, bollworm jassids, aphids and thrips. Avoid combining two or more pesticides in the same tank [51, 52]. Using pesticides like pyrethroids, which cause sucking bugs to resurface should be avoided.
