*2.1.2 Integrated pest management approach*

Clipping the tops of bundled seedlings is a typical method for eliminating eggs and larvae of stem borer, hispa, thrips and leaf folder [11]. Plant hoppers, leaf hoppers, leaf folders, gall midges and cutworms are all kept at bay by keeping enough space between plants. Aquatic insects such as whorl maggot, root weevils, yellow stem borer, and case worm are suppressed when fields are drained for 1–2 days. Crop rotation is used to combat gall midge, stem borer, and termites. Infestations of white-backed plant hoppers can be controlled by planting rice crops at the proper time and synchronising transplants. Deep summer ploughing of fields reduces insect pest populations by exposing them to bird predation and parasitization. Flooding the field shortly after harvest has been mostly utilised to combat stem borer [12]. Mechanically trapping or crushing insects with a hand, tool, or machine is a traditional method to protect the rice crop from pests [11]. Pheromones were particularly effective in the control of the yellow stem borer, where they were employed for both

*Holistic Pest Management Strategies in Tropical Plant Species DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105104*

species monitoring and management via mating disruption or mass catching of males. The bulk of paddy pests is combated by a range of natural enemies like *Tetrastichus* spp., *Telenomos* spp., and *Trichogramma* spp. *Xanthopimpla flavolineata* was found as a prominent rice leaf folder pupal parasitoid. In various hoppers, more than 100 parasitoid species and 72 predatory species have been. Spiders are the most prevalent predators in the rice environment. The wolf spider, *Lycosa pseudoannulata*, and *Oxyopes* sp. destroyed up to 90% of 130 borer larvae in a single day. This spider was also dangerous to stem borer moths. Neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) 5% and neem oil 3% were effective against brown plant hopper, as were botanical powder formulations using NSKE, *Vitex negundo*, *Prosopis juliflora*, and *Ipomoea carnea* leaf extract 5% for earhead insect and black bug [13]. The plant-derived natural compound chrysoeriol7 can potentially thus be used to develop environmentally-friendly pesticides [14]. Chemical insecticides, such as carbofuran 3% CG or carbosulfan 6% G or carbosulfan 25% EC for gall midge, are applied based on need. Cartap hydrochloride 4% granules or cartap hydrochloride 50% SP, carbofuran 3% CG or monocrotophos 36% SL for stem borer. Carbofuran 3% CG or monocrotophos 36% SL, apply cartap hydrochloride 4% granules, cartap hydrochloride 50% SP @, monocrotophos 36% SL, or chlorpyrifos 1.5% DP for leaf folder Spray imidacloprid 70% WG or imidacloprid 30.5% m/m SC @ or ethofenoprox 10% EC or acephate 75% SP or buprofezin 25% SC @ or ethofenoprox 10% EC or acephate 75% SP or buprofezin 25% SC for brown plant hopper, WBPH and other sucking pests [15].

#### **2.2 Maize**

#### *2.2.1 Important pests*

Maize stem borer (*Chilo partellus*), Pink stem borer (*Sesamia inferens*), Shoot fly (*Atherigona spp*.), White grub (*Holotrichia consanguinea*), Cut Worm (*Agrotis ipsilon*), Hairy caterpillar (*Amsacta albistriga*), Aphid (*Rhopalosiphum maidis*), Army worm (*Mythimna separata*), Pyrilla (*Pyrilla perpusilla*), Thrips (*Anaphothrips sudanensis*), Termites (*Microtermes obesi*), Chafer beetle (*Chiloloba acuta*), Fall armyworm (*Spodoptera frugiperda*).

#### *2.2.2 IPM approaches*

To minimise pest populations, remove and destroy crop leftovers, any substitute host plants after harvest, and cut stems harbouring diapausing larvae. Growing recommended hybrids and composites and seeding with the first rain to minimise borer attack. Crop rotation with non-hosts proved highly efficient. Insects become more common as plant density increases. Insect incidence rises as plant density rises; so, the suitable plant population should be kept in the fields to prevent insect incidence. *Trichogramma* spp., a parasitic egg parasite can be used to keep stem borers away. Many spider species have been discovered in plant whorls feeding on stem borer eggs and early larval stages. Adult *Menochilus sexmaculata* Fab. and *Coccinella septumpunctata* L. coccinellid beetles feed on newly emerging stem borer larvae [16]. To control one of the annoyance pests, the fall armyworm (FAW), single cross maize hybrids were selected, as well as heavy ploughing before each crop season to open up the soil and expose FAW pupae to sunshine and predators. The FAW trap crop was sown in the form of Napier grass in the border rows. According to the researchers, seeds treated with

Cyantraniliprole 19.8% + Thiomethoxam 19.8% @ 4 ml per kg seed offered protection for up to 2–3 weeks after germination [17]. If staggered seeding is required, spray the crop with 5% NSKE or azadirachtin 1500 ppm @ 5 ml/l at weekly intervals, as in periurban baby corn and sweet corn cultivation. Release 50,000 *Trichogramma pretiosum* or *Telenomus remus* seeds per acre at weekly intervals beginning a week after germination and continuing until harvest. Instal 5 FAW pheromone traps per acre before or during crop germination [18]. To keep population growth under control, mass capture male moths using traps. Need-based pesticides should be used to efficiently remove the pest, viz. carbofuran 3% CG for stem borer, shoot fly and thrips, dimethoate (30% EC for Stem borer and Shoot fly), imidacloprid (48%) FS, monocrotophos (36% SL), oxydemeton (25%) EC for shoot fly, thiamethoxam 30% FS for stem fly, thiamethoxam 70% WS for shoot fly & aphids, thiamethoxam 12.6% + lambda cyhalothrin 9.5% ZC for aphid, shoot Fly, stem borer [19].
