*2.5.2.4 Modern and archaic models of disease and therapy on the base of test results: Discussion*

The first Mozyr factor matrix, which includes the subject's assessments of supposed effectiveness of the treatment of "disease in general," characterizes the MDT, which classifies various methods of therapy according to their presence in real life and adequately evaluates their significance: the dominance of conservative therapeutic methods, the important role of surgery and other modern technical methods, sufficient relevance, the proximity of traditional medical methods of acupuncture and massage. Psychotherapy, extrasensory therapy, chiropractor treatment, and a healer are combined, which justifiably gives grounds to define them as "Methods of therapeutic mental influence."

The second Mozyr factor matrix, obtained during the examination of the same subjects, at the same time, but representing an extremely significant, threatening for those living in the Chernobyl zone, an assessment of the effectiveness of treatment of "diseases caused by radiation" (requiring essentially the same structure of medical care), is qualitatively different. The subjects unexpectedly divided the therapy methods based on the bipolar trait "external" and "internal". Moderately significant in the previous "model of disease and therapy" and the most ancient of all traditional medical


#### **Table 3.**

*Ufa factorial matrix of scores for the relationship of assessing the effectiveness of therapy for "disease in general" by students of the school of psychics.*

methods of treatment—acupuncture and massage, are assessed in the second survey as the most significant, leading the first factor of this matrix, which also includes the treatment of the chiropractor, while the indicator of surgical treatment, which headed the second factor of the first matrix, becomes the least significant. The MDT, actualized by the conditions of an experimental deadlock, loses its connection with the modern therapeutic reality and demonstrates different, archaic structure and content.

The factorial matrix for evaluating the effectiveness of treatment of "diseases in general" by students of the school of psychics is close to the Mozyr matrix of "diseases caused by radiation" and is also distant from modern therapeutic reality, since it highlights "internal" and "external" methods of treatment, reduces the importance of surgery. But, in contrast to the compared one, in this model the most significant are traditional methods of treatment (acupuncture, psychotherapy, chiropractor treatment), which acquire a magical coloring due to the leadership of the healer therapy in this group. It is interesting that the indicator of psychic treatment is highlighted by the students in the last factor of the matrix and, having a high significance (0.83), is separated from all other methods of treatment. This is due to the fact that extrasensory perception was understood by teachers and students as a fundamentally new, scientific, developing, if not refuting modern medicine, method of diagnosis, and therapy. The last factorial matrix reflects the most archaized MDT, which is acquiring a frankly magical coloring.

The division of therapy methods into "external" and "internal," revealed in two archaized factor matrices, is, in author's opinion, related to archaic MDT. This circumstance prompts the search for similar classifications of therapeutic techniques in traditional systems of therapy with archaic roots, which inevitably preserved, systematized, developed the provisions of the MDT of mass consciousness that corresponded to the period of their formation. The most developed traditional systems of therapy are the Chinese, Tibetan and Arab ones. Indeed, these systems have developed fundamental concepts of the "external" and "internal" causes of diseases (in line with the ideas of the connection between the Universe and humans) about the clinic, diagnostics, "external" and "internal" treatment.

In classical Chinese medicine, the categories of "internal" and "external" are codified in the concept of yin-yang (yin corresponds to "internal" and yang to "external") [53], they develop in the concept of the cycle of interconversions of Wu Xing, are included in dialectics "I Ching "(" Books of Changes ") [54] and are most consistently implemented in the theory and practice of pulse diagnostics and zhen-chiu therapy [53]. In the Tibetan medical science Zhud-shi, the system of medicine is represented in the form of nine trees growing from three roots [55]. Four trees grow from the third root, the first symbolizes food and drink, the second—the way of life, the third—medicinal substances ("Man") taken internally, the fourth symbolizes external methods of treatment, including surgery ("Shad").

Avicenna, who reflected in the "Canon of Medicine" [56] the achievements of Arab-Persian medicine at the end of the first millennium, subdivided, referring to Galen, all diseases into external and internal, distinguishing three types of therapy: regimen and nutrition; drug administration ("internal" treatment); hand action ("external" treatment).

Thus, the similarity of two factorial matrices showing archaized MDT is a natural phenomenon based on the actualization of previous "models" accumulated, "conserved" in the mass consciousness in the course of the historical development of MDT. It should be noted that the first archaic factor matrix was obtained during a psychological examination and reflects the experimentally determined, individual

#### *General Three-Component Structural-Dynamic Theory of Psychotherapy and Its… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104225*

regressive dynamics of the previously relevant modern MBT when the subject is placed in a situation that is insoluble from the standpoint of this model. The factor matrix of the psychics school students revealed the "background," actual at the time of the survey, the most archaic of the three MDTs, obtained for persons who have a short interest in psychic therapy (4–6 months) and, for the most part, who had not previously thought about it. It can be reasonably assumed that this archaized MDT is a consequence of the regressive dynamics of the modern model under the influence of not an individual, but a socially conditioned cause, which in its meaning is close to an insoluble disease situation.

If we assume that the first, background factorial matrix of the Mozyr series reflects the modern MBT, the second—reflects the previous MBT; and the factorial matrix of students of the school of psychics reveals the most archaic of the three MBTs of mass consciousness; then the data structure of the models can be represented as follows.

	- (3) "internal" methods of traditional therapy.

It is principle that the second and third archaic MDTs were obtained with individual and socially conditioned regressive dynamics of the modern MDT. Consequently, modern MDT in a latent, mediated form contains previous MDT, which is possible only if MDT is a hierarchical, multilevel formation with the property of individual and social progressive historical development and regressive dynamics. So, MDT (both individual and social) is a systemic, hierarchical, multilevel formation, which can be represented as a hierarchical, multilayer "spherical" structure, each layer-level of which corresponds to a certain historical stage in its development. The functioning of such a structure is determined by the activity of the highest, modern layer-level of the MDT. If the upper layer-level of the model of the effectiveness of medical care does not correspond to the individual, it is inactivated, with the transition of systemic functions to the MDT of the lower level. The correspondence of the subordinate levels of the MDT to certain historical epochs is probably not literal, only the most essential, key elements are preserved.

The assimilation by the individual of the MDT of mass consciousness is provided by two mechanisms: "vertical" and "horizontal." The "vertical" mechanism plays a decisive role in the formation of the structure of MDT, starting from the deep levels at the first stages of socialization of the individual and is functioning in the general context of mastering culture, starting with its most archaized elements: myths, legends, fairy tales, signs, prejudices; in direct and indirect forms. The "horizontal" mechanism determines the detailed development of each individual level of the MDT and is based on the active interaction of the individual with the surrounding reality.

Three variants for the individual dynamics of MDT are possible. The first variant is progressive dynamics of MDT, in which, due to the assimilation by individual from mass consciousness of modern scientific paradigms of pathogenesis and therapy, with formation of higher level of model, which takes on system-forming functions, integrating and transforming the functions of the underlying layers levels. The second variant is regressive dynamics, with inactivation, due to the ineffectiveness of the treatment of the highest level of MDT and actualization of the underlying phylogenetically and ontogenetically preceding level of the model, which takes on system-forming functions. The third variant—reactivation dynamics, in which due to positive outcome of therapy there occurs a restoration of functioning of the initially "external" level of MBT, deactivated by the previous regressive dynamics.

### *2.5.2.5 Structure, historical development, and dynamics of mass consciousness model of disease and therapy*

Analyzing the structure and dynamics of the MDT, it is necessary to recognize the systemic unity, identity of such models of individual and general mass consciousness. The MDT presents a systemic block in the structure of MW of mass consciousness; therefore, it must preserve the basic principles of its organization. Mass consciousness represents a hierarchical, historically forming multilevel system, whose functioning is determined by the activity of the system-forming "external" level. Mass consciousness, MW as a system, undoubtedly has the progressive, regressive, reactivation dynamics discussed above.

Social tension, crisis from the position of the hierarchical system of mass consciousness can be considered as a discrepancy between the conditions of social life and the standards of the "external" level of the system, which should, according to our model, lead to a regressive dynamic of such a system, with the actualization of the historically previous level of mass consciousness, which takes system-forming functions. The disintegration processes that took place in the former USSR served as a vivid illustration of this provision. The regressive dynamics of the system of mass consciousness during social tension encompasses its highest level as a whole, deactivating all systemic blocks of MW, including MDT. Mass interest in various forms of archaic, magical healing, extrasensory therapy, growing during the intensification of social disintegration, is natural. The first wave of telepsychotherapy by A. Kashpirovsky in 1989 [57, 58] and in the 1990s was swallowed up by a flurry of "nontraditional," "folk healing." [34, 35, 59–64]. The development of such "non-traditional folk healing" during the period of social disintegration of 1988–1991 obeyed a certain pattern and proceeded in the direction of successive actualization: the verbalsymbolic (example of telepsychotherapy by AM Kashpirovsky [57, 58]); manual (A. Chumak [49, 60], D. Davitashvili [61], and many others); extrasensory-trance therapy, with the experience of moving in space (flights to "space," to "planets of the hierarchy," etc., in a trance state) [21]. In 1992–1993, the return of verbal-symbolic, spell-ritual healing (the coming of Maria Stephanie and sorcerers of Russia [21, 49, 50], the resumption of A. Kashpirovsky activities) took place. The noted dynamics of "folk healing" corresponds to the initial regressive dynamics of the magic block of the MDT during the collapse of the USSR, in the reverse order to the historical development of magical action (proceeding from the magic of movement in space to manual-object magic and verbal-symbolic magic), followed by the initial reactivation dynamics of the "model" with a return to verbal-symbolic magic during the initial stabilization of statehood in Russia [21, 49–51].

Based on the analysis of the experimental psychological material, as well as the socially conditioned dynamics of the MDT during the collapse of the USSR, we

#### *General Three-Component Structural-Dynamic Theory of Psychotherapy and Its… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104225*

propose the following structure [21, 49, 50]. Spherical, hierarchical MDT is represented by three main layers levels.


Moreover, the blocks of conservative and radical therapy of the outer layer-level are genetically related to the layer level of traditional "external" and "internal" therapy, while the block of therapy with psychic means—with the layer level of magic therapy, which is revealed during the regressive dynamics of MDT.

It should be noted that the actualization of archaic MBT happened before in the historical past, preceding and accompanying major social upheavals. So, on the eve of the Great French Revolution, the famous Anton Mesmer treated patients with "animal magnetism," and on the eve of October, the gloomy figure of the "healer" of the court and aristocratic Petersburg Grigori Rasputin had "materialized." \*\*\*

The MDT of mass consciousness, relevant in the process of therapy, plays the role of a specific communicative "language" of the patient and the therapist. The correspondence of the representations of the patient and the therapist about the disease and its treatment leads to the establishment of psychotherapeutic contact, with the inclusion of individual psychological and biological mechanisms of psychotherapy. The degree to which the MDT context matches the psychological and biological changes of the patient is fundamentally insignificant.
