**3. Meaningful learning**

Howland and colleagues argued five characteristics for meaningful learning [14]. According to them, learning is meaningful if it is constructive, active, intentional, cooperative, and authentic. Each of these characteristics and its related creative thinking skills. The MC model of meaningful and creative learning proposed in this chapter is shown in **Figure 1**. According to this model, learning is creative and meaningful when the five characteristics of meaningful learning result in developing creative thinking skills. Constructive learning results in fostering fluency and flexibility. Active learning results in developing flexibility, while intentional learning fosters originality. Cooperative learning develops fluency, flexibility, and elaboration, while authentic learning fosters fluency, flexibility, elaboration, and originality. The MC model of learning is discussed in detail.
