**5. Medicinal uses**

*A. aspera* shows a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities such as bitter, pungent, heating, laxative, stomachic, carminatives and improve appetite as well as useful in vomiting and heart disease. It is also used in various types of disease like pile, itching, abdominal pains, dyspepsia, dysentery and blood disease [34]. It is widely used for the treatment of many disorders, which are asthmatic cough, snakebite, hydrophobia, urinary calculi, rabies, influenza and gonorrhea. Its dried leaf powder mixed with honey is useful for the treatment of early stage of asthma [35]. Naayuruvi kuzhi thailum has been identified that *Acyrantes aspera* as the primary constituent comes under the Siddha system, which is used in the management of asthma [36]. Traditionally, this plant is used in the treatment of asthma and cough [37]. The root of *A. aspera* is used in whooping cough, tonsillitis [38, 39].
