**4.3 Discussions regarding biodiversity of Piperaceae family or piper species**

I have already mentioned that black pepper (*Piper nigrum*) is included in piperaceae family; simultaneously a lot of medicinal plants are also included in same family possessing diverse type of biological activity. The biodiversity of medicinal compound is a blessing for us due to the presence of a variety of bioactive constituents, which makes individual plants able to show different type of implications against several types of diseases or pathological conditions, and some of these are explained below.

*Piper longum* L. utilized as an antidote to snake bite, scorpion stings. Besides this, it can be applied in chronic bronchitis, cough, and cold [47].

*Piper betle* L. has a lot of implications such as in cuts, boils, scabies, mouth odor, cough remedy, bronchitis, and nosebleed [48].

*Piper aduncum* L. may have utilization in stomach aches, vaginitis, influenza, rheumatism, cough, fever, and general infections [49].

*Piper aborescens Roxb*. could be used in rheumatism, cytotoxic activity, and antiplatelet aggregation [50].

*Piper capense* L.F. might have application in renal disorder, gonorrhoea, syphilis, abdominal pain, enteritis, and asthma [51].

*Piper ovatum* Vahl possesses anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity [52]. *Piper retrofractum* Vahl can be consumed as digestive aid, stimulant, carminative, and in intestinal disorders, postpartum treatment (women) [53].

*Piper tuberculatum* Jacq. had been used as antidiuretic, analgesic, sedative, and antidote for snake bites [54].
