*3.2.5 Antibacterial activity*

*D. stramonium* leaf and fruit extracts with different polarity solvents were tested against five pathogenic bacteria, with the extracted methanol and chloroform fractions from both leaves and fruits showing growth suppression of all tested microorganisms at various doses. All isolated fractions from the fruits efficiently inhibited the growth of *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* and Klebsiella pneumonia. The chloroform extract of leaves showed the greatest growth inhibition (77%) against *K. pneumonia* [47].

Using the paper disk diffusion method and ampicillin as a positive control, antibiotic activity of methanolic extracts (80%) of *Datura inoxia* against *Bacillus subtilis*, *Staphylococcus aureus*, and *Escherichia coli* was determined. Except for *E. coli* (2.5 g/ mL), the results showed action against all bacteria at the greatest concentration of the extracts [48].

In the paper disk diffusion method, however, methanolic, ethanolic, and aqueous extracts of *D. stramonium* showed antibacterial activity against gram-positive and

*Pharmacological, Biopesticide, and Post-Harvest Loss Management Application of Jimsonweed… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102789*

gram-negative bacteria. With a minimum inhibitory concentration of 25% w/v, ethanolic extract of leaves inhibited the growth of bacteria in *P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae*, and *E. coli* [49]. At 2.5, 1.25, and 0.75 mg/mL, the methanolic leaf extract showed antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria such as *Staphylococcus haemolyticus, S. aureus*, *Shigella dysenteriae*, and *Bacillus cereus*, as well as gram-negative bacteria such as *P. aeruginosa*, K. *pneumoniae, and E. coli* [13].

#### *3.2.6 Antioxidant activity*

Aqueous extracts of *D. metel* stems, roots, and leaves had antioxidant activity ranging from 23.8 to 49.3% [50]. *D. stramonium* methanolic extract had IC50 values of 35.3, 10.5, and 49.36 g/mL for radical DPPH, superoxide, and radical cation ABTS, respectively [51]. In comparison with *D. metel*, the antioxidant capacity and concentration of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, as well as the higher antioxidant capacity (221.25 1.06 mg EPA/g), were tested in *D. innoxia*, which had significantly higher values in all assays [52]. The presence of the maximum number of phenolic components, including flavonoids and tannins, in *D. metel* leaf methanol extract exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity in a DPPH purification test against other solvents and plant parts [53].

#### *3.2.7 Hypoglycemic activity*

The hypoglycemic action of *D. metel* seeds was investigated by adding pulverized seeds to the food of rats with induced diabetes, which resulted in a considerable decrease in blood glucose levels after 8 hours [54]. Although a hydromethanolic extract of *D. stramonium* root was tested in diabetic mice and found to have no substantial hypoglycemic effect, the extract considerably lowered blood glucose levels in diabetic by orally loaded mice at relatively large doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) [55]. The antihyperglycemic effects of *D. inoxia* methanolic leaf extract were seen in -glucosidase, −amylase, lipase, and urease [56].

#### *3.2.8 Cytotoxic activity*

The ethyl acetate portion of the ethanolic extract of *D. metel* flowers was tested against cancer cell lines and found to be cytotoxic against the A549 (tongue), BGC-823 (gastric), and K562 (leukemia) cell lines [57]. Similarly, methanolic extracts of *Datura stramonium* seed were found to be cytotoxic to MCF7 (breast cancer) cells, with a cytotoxicity of 66.84 percent at 599 μg/mL [51]. These findings were similar to those reported by Gupta et al. [58], who investigated the cytotoxic effects of methanolic extracts of *D. stramonium* leaves on A549 and MCF7 cells, finding considerable immune stimulation [59]. The methanolic leaf extract of *D. innoxia* revealed a possible cytotoxic impact on MCF-7 human breast cancer cell lines, with an IC50 of 93.73 g/mL [59].

*Rhinoxia B*, a phytosterol isolated from *D. inoxia* leaf extracts, was found to have antiproliferative activity against human colon adenocarcinoma cells, HCT 15, with an IC50 of 4 M [58].

#### *3.2.9 Other activities*

*Datura* has anticholinergic (mydriatic, antispasmodic), anesthetic, analgesic, sedative-hypnotic, anti-parkinsonian, and aphrodisiac qualities due to the presence of tropane alkaloids. Tropane alkaloids' actions are linked to a competitive antagonist of muscarinic receptors. Some tropane alkaloids and derivatives, on the other hand, have exhibited differing affinities to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, albeit to a lesser amount, and are in some cases partial agonists [60]. Tropane alkaloids' nervous system effects are also linked to the action of monoaminergic neurotransmitters, as tropane alkaloids exhibit varying degrees of affinity for monoaminergic transporters [61].
