*1.2.4 Production and trade of black pepper (BP)*

Ethiopia was the world's largest manufacturer and exporter of BP in 2019 producing 374,413 tonnes or 34 % of the world's total according to **Figure 2**. The rest of the major producers were Vietnam, Brazil, Indonesia, India, China, and Malaysia. Internationally pepper production has varied annually, which is dependent on the crop management, disease, and environmental impact [26, 27].

**Figure 2.** *Graphical representation of black pepper production, 2019 [25].*
