**1. Introduction**

Pediatric patients who are admitted in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) are at risk of having bleeding and thrombotic complications due to several factors including their underlying diseases, the medications and procedures they received during the admission and the current conditions of the patients that lead them to be admitted in PICUs [1]. Since the hemostasis in children are different from the adults, management of bleeding and thrombosis in pediatric patients is challenging and may not be directly adopted from the evidences in adult patients. Moreover, developmental hemostasis should be taken into accounts of management. This chapter includes massive transfusion, extracorporeal oxygen membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and venous thromboembolism (VTE) protocols in children based on current evidences.
