*4.6.2 Risks*

• Cardiovascular health—DMPA use is not associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events in healthy women, including VTE, myocardial infarction, or

*Perspective Chapter: Modern Birth Control Methods DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.103858*

> stroke. Although circulating lipids are affected by DMPA use, it does not increase production of coagulation factors and has no adverse effect on blood pressure. No adverse clinical effects on cardiovascular disease have been observed [83].

• Depression—prospective studies do not support a causal relationship between DMPA use and depression.
