**5. Causes**

#### **5.1 Infective**

#### *5.1.1 Bacteria*

Which infected the food or water for instance salmonella (salmonella is a group of microorganisms that typically motive meals borne infection. An infection with the aid of the microorganism is known as salmonellosis and you could get it by way of eating infected meals merchandise, which includes uncooked poultry, eggs, beef, and in a few instances fruit. Salmonella has ended up a prime foodborne pathogen throughout the globe, inflicting approximately three.4 million cases and 681,316 annual deaths, with 63.7% of instances occurring in children under 5 years of age [21–22]. There was as a minimum a hundred and fifty non-typhoidal Salmonella serotypes that can purpose gastroenteritis, with *Salmonella Typhimurium* and *Salmonella Enteritidis* being the maximum common serotypes. In terms of control, the recommended empiric parenteral remedy includes cefotaxime or ceftriaxone, while oral therapy consists of amoxicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or azithromycin. Salmonella isolates have an excessive resistance in the direction of at least one antimicrobial agent, particularly towards clindamycin, oxacillin, penicillin, and vancomycin, for that reason, antibiotic susceptibilities of Salmonella should be determined for the targeted antibiotic therapy and vegetable) shigella and vibrio cholera [23–29].

Viruses also are contributing as the causative agent of diarrhea for example norovirus (Norovirus turned at the beginning known as the Norwalk virus, after the metropolis of Norwalk, OH, wherein the first showed outbreak happened in 1972). This concept is to be the most common purpose of acute gastroenteritis (diarrhea and vomiting contamination) around the sector. It spreads effortlessly through food and drinks and can have a large effect on people's fitness. Norovirus is an emerging cause of acute gastroenteritis, accountable for approximately 17–18% of all acute gastroenteritis cases globally, mainly among advanced international locations [30, 31]. The age organization below one to twelve months vintage has the peak frequency of norovirus infection with extra dangerous factors which consist of intercourse of the [32]. Norovirus is noticed during the year, with the winter and fall (weather seasons) determined to report an improved frequency of illustrations [33, 34]. The finding rate of norovirus cases associates definitely with humidity. Co-contamination with rotavirus [19, 20], astrovirus, and salmonella both may occur in positive cases. Norovirus infections are discovered to reason greater excessive signs of gastroenteritis in children in comparison with rotavirus, especially after the advent of the rotavirus vaccination duration astrovirus.

With an astrovirus-causing acute gastroenteritis' global common prevalence of 11%, the very best prevalence of human astrovirus infections changed inside the organization of youngsters between thirty-seven and forty-eight months old. Human astrovirus contamination particularly takes place for the duration of the dry season in the African continent; meanwhile, the highest occurrence mentioned inside the tropical areas is regularly during the rainy season and winter season in temperate climate countries. Patients commonly manifested with diarrhea, fever, vomiting, and abdominal pain, and rotavirus (It is an epidemic that causes diarrhea and different intestinal symptoms. It's very contagious and is the maximum common cause of diarrhea in toddlers and young children globally. If you observe rotavirus through a microscope, it has a spherical form. The Latin phrase for wheel is "Rota," and is the reason how the virus got its call.
