**1. Introduction of industry 4.0 technologies**

Industry 4.0, often known as smart manufacturing, is built on information technology (IT)-driven industrial processes [1]. It combines smart factories and products with the Internet of Things [2, 3], with the goal of providing real-time information on production, machines, and component flow, and integrating this data to assist managers in making decisions, monitoring performance, and tracking parts and products.

#### **1.1 Industry 4.0 technologies**

#### *1.1.1 Big data analytics*

Big data analytics (BDA) is the collecting of real-time data, the use of analytical tools, and the use of computer algorithms to derive relevant insights and patterns for better decision-making using data, text, audio, video [4]. Big Data 6Vs framework describe Volume, a very large amount of data; Velocity, the data are generated very quickly and must be processed in a very short time; Variety, a large number of structured and unstructured data types are processed; Value, the goal is to generate significant value for the organisation; Veracity, reliability of the processed data; and Variability, flexibility to adapt to new data formats by collecting, storing, and processing them. BDA aids in the achievement of long-term corporate success and competitive advantage [5].

#### *1.1.2 Internet of things*

Internet of Things (IoT) allows devices to communicate with one another without the need for human involvement [6]. The Internet of Things is based on a network of devices, each of which has its own unique identity to the computer system to which it is attached. IoT-controlled industrial systems are intelligent because they can accurately and efficiently operate all linked equipment from afar [7]. For example, big data has been utilised to enhance product development [8], SC demand forecasts [9], and green production strategies [8, 10].

#### *1.1.3 Block chain technology*

Blockchain is a distributed data structure—a distributed ledger—in which the data is shared on a peer-to-peer network. The network members and nodes communicate and validate the data following a predefined protocol without a central authority. Distributed ledgers can be either decentralised, giving equal rights to all users or centralised, providing specific users with special rights.

#### *1.1.4 Artificial intelligence*

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a field in computer science encompassing the development of systems capable of performing tasks that normally necessitate human intelligence. The science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men. Three main functions are sensing and interacting, learning from the data and decision making.

#### *1.1.5 Autonomous robotic vehicle*

Autonomous vehicles as more environmentally friendly automobiles are capable of sensing its navigation without human input, thus the costs, emission level and working time can be reduced dramatically. They can be used not only for long distances, but also for operational level of the supply chain.

#### *1.1.6 Additive manufacturing (3D printing)*

Additive manufacturing (AM) begins with the creation of a three-dimensional digital model using computer-aided design software, followed by the formation of the finished object using a 3D printer [11]. AM helps to Industry 4.0 goals by generating personalised items in small batches and producing complex and lightweight designs with great precision [3].

## *1.1.7 Cloud manufacturing*

Cloud manufacturing is a method of providing a shared network of manufacturing resources and capabilities through the internet by establishing a virtual and global environment. The logic of cloud manufacturing is service-based, which means providers and consumers interact to sell and acquire services such as product design, simulation, production, and assembly [12].
