**2. Literature review**

Sustainable development is crucial necessity for the survival of humankind, which should integrate sustainable production and consumption [17]. Sustainability is threedimensional concept encompassing economic, environmental and social (triple bottom line). Sustainable supply chain enables the management of material, information and capital flows as well as the cooperation among companies along the supply chain while taking goals from all three dimensions of sustainable development (economic, environmental and social) into account which are derived from customer and stakeholder requirements [18]. One of the key features of Industry 4.0 enabled by CPS, IoT, and big data analytics, is data accessibility and real-time information, which may help companies achieve low cost, high quality, low risk sharing, more flexible SC planning and effective decision making. Industry 4.0 allows for long-term purchase of more personalised items [19]. I40 opens up new and long-term commercial prospects by maximising resource efficiency, enhancing manufacturing flexibility, and reducing time to market [20]. IoT controlled industrial systems are clever as they can accurately and efficiently operate all linked equipment from afar [7]. Various I4T is shown to have a good

influence on the organisations' long-term success. However, there is a dearth of empirical evidence in the literature to substantiate the influence of I4T on sustainable operating practices in various industries [15]. I4T contribute to long-term operations management choices and new business models by connecting value chains through data collection and exchange [3, 21]. As a result, long-term operations management decisions help to establish a link between circular economy (CE) principles and Industry 4.0 concepts.

The search for a more sustainable production and consumption system is so important now that the United Nations Organisation (UNO) has made it one of their most important social goals for long-term development [22]. The ultimate goal of implementing sustainability into production is to take the industry to a world-class level of sustainable manufacturing [23]. Moghaddam et al. [24] developed several reference designs for sustainable smart I40 factories to dealt with the production of environmentally friendly products. Nascimento et al. [25] proposed a circular economy (CE) business model using I4T for recycling garbage. Kiel et al. [26] classified Internet of Things (IoT) issues and benefits that centred on the long-term value creation. Waibel et al. [20] investigated the effects of smart production systems in terms of resource efficiency and sustainability. Zambon et al. [27] proposed an Agriculture 4.0 through the virtualization of the Agro-food chain. Ding [28] conducted a literature review to identify the barriers of incorporating sustainability into the pharmaceutical SC and proposed I40 application in SC known as Pharma 4.0. Bag et al. [29] developed a framework incorporating thirteen enablers I40 affecting SC sustainability. Tsai and Lu [30] developed a I40 based production planning and control framework using a carbon price. Ghadimi et al. [31] suggested a multiagent system to automatically analyse and choose suppliers that contribute to sustainable SC. Belaud et al. [32] developed agriculture 4.0 by integrating I40 into a SC and waste valorization using big data to improve sustainability management. Sensing, smart, and sustainable technologies were identified as crucial aspects of future sustainable goods [33]. Bibaud-Alves et al. [34] used I4T to establish a relationship between the development process of new goods, digital transformation, and sustainable development. Paravizo et al. [35] offered a conceptual framework using I40 for developing gamified apps that focus on sustainable manufacturing. Kamble et al. [15] reviewed 85 articles on I40 and established a sustainable industry 4.0 framework. Stock et al. [36] carried out qualitative assessment of I40 that enables ecological and social sustainable development. Hidayatno et al. [37] proposed a conceptual model to assess the effect I40 technology on sustainable energy in Indonesian industries. Bonilla et al. [38] used multiple development scenarios to assess the impact and challenges of I40 implementation on long-term sustainable development. Man and Strandhagen [21] presented I40 and sustainability adoption into various business operations. Luthra and Mangla [39] conducted a literature analysis and categorised eighteen I40 implementation challenges of sustainable SC into four categories: organisational, strategical, legal, and ethical. Ardanza et al. [40] demonstrated a human–machine interface using I40 that enable operators to be more productive and safer. Meng et al. [41] carried out literature review on sustainability and energy efficiency in smart factories, their interaction, benefits and issues. Chaim et al. [42] examined the feasibility of using key performance indicators (KPIs) to assess sustainability in I40 virtual learning environment. Kamble et al. [43] analysed the barriers of I40 adoption in manufacturing industry.

Manavalan and Jayakrishna [44] examined the IoT application for a sustainable SC and suggested software to organise material resources in businesses. Birkel et al. [45] proposed a risk framework using I40 for sustainable manufacturing in SMEs using a long-term strategy. Jabbour et al. [46] identified eleven critical success factors for

implementing I40 and environmentally sustainable manufacturing and proposed an integrated framework for future research. Kamble et al. [15] investigated the barriers to I40 adoption in Indian manufacturing and analysed their driving and dependence relationship. Monteleone et al. [47] suggested a water management conceptual model in agricultural 4.0. [48, 49] carried out empirical study of 234 manufacturing firms in Pakistan to investigate the effect of I40 on green practices in manufacturing and logistics, which have substantial effect on sustainability of the firms.

Chalmeta and Santos-deLeón [50] carried out literature review on I40, big data and sustainable SC. Mastos et al. [51] provided IoT application for scrap metal waste management. Strandhagen et al. [52] proposed I40 solutions to shipbuilding supply chains sustainability challenges in a case company. Yadav et al. [53] identified 22 I40 and CE based solutions measures to overcome 28 sustainable SC challenges in an automotive industry using BWM-ELECTRE.

Belhadi et al. [54] carried out empirical study by collecting data from 306 organisations in Europe, Asia and Africa to explore the role of digital business transformation, organisational ambidexterity and circular business models on the relationship between I40 capabilities and sustainable performance. Fatorachian and Kazemi [55] conducted exploratory research based on inductive reasoning and systems theory to explore the impact of I4T on SC performance in terms of integration, information sharing and transparency, processes improvement in procurement, production, inventory management and retailing through digitisation, automation, and analytical capabilities. Kumar et al. [56] analysed critical success factors for I40 implementation in circular SC. Kumar et al. [57] studied the barriers of integrating I40 and CE in the agriculture SC using ISM-ANP and concluded that government policies, support and incentives is major barrier. Kusi-Sarpong et al. [58] adopted I40 initiatives for sustainable supplier selection in circular SC. Mastos et al. [59] used I40 technologies to redesign SC for circular economy with key identified benefits of improved availability of personnel and fleet resources, and SC traceability through the full visibility and automation. Mubarik et al. [60] collected data from 154 electrical and electronics Malaysian firms and found that I40 application impact SC mapping and visibility. Sharma et al. [61] found in the study that the environmental and social factors were the highest-ranked drivers while organisational and environmental dimensions as the highly ranked barriers of I40 adoption with the sustainability context in multi-tier manufacturing SC. Umar et al. [48, 49] studied the effect of I40 on sustainable operations and green SC practices.
