**3. Embodied energy of tall buildings**

This subsection presents the embodied energy of different building materials which can be reused in the process of circular economy and their relationship with the operational energy consumption of the building (**Table 5**).

### **3.1 Embodied energy of building materials**

The embodied energy of building materials means all the energy which were expended during the production of that material, from the extraction of resources to the final manufacturing processes, transportation, and construction. Embodied energy (EE) difference among the different tall buildings is significant not only for the thermal performance or specific construction types but also for the material selection process. Maintaining the circularity principles of building materials is also responsible for the difference in EE in tall buildings. The combination of a conscious material selection process and durable design decisions can also help to achieve 50% embodied energy saving in the building.

### *3.1.1 Building structure, floor and walls*

The embodied energy of the building rises according to the floor level of the building as the tall building requires more structural materials. Azari and


**Table 5.**

*Focus on design for disassembly.*

Abbasabadi [11, 34] compared embodied energy of building materials on different floor levels in **Table 6**.

### *3.1.2 Windows and window frames*

Giordano [44] investigated the operational energy (OE) and embodied energy (EE) of different types of façades in 5 climatic zones. Although, in terms of OE,
