*4.2.1 Life cycle assessment (LCA)*

LCA is the most popular method for sustainable waste management. LCA has become a significant waste management tool that studies the environmental characteristics and potential effects throughout the product life cycle, from the supply of raw materials to production, utilization, and disposal. LCA can point out the current environmental impact of emissions and waste. It is widely used to compare the environmental impact of waste with treatment options for efficient energy management (WtE). The results can provide an overview and scientific support for various environmental aspects of waste management strategies for the attainment of sustainable waste management. It has been used to assess many aspects of WtE systems, including greenhouse gas emissions, energy performances [29], circular economy [30], and impact on global warming [31].
