**2. Indications**

Initially, LRN was preferred for small renal tumors (<4 cm); however, with increasing experience, LRN has been adopted as the standard of care for larger renal tumors as well with good perioperative and oncological outcomes [1].

LRN is now also considered for large or central renal masses where a nephronsparing surgery is not possible [1].

Other indications are Cytoreductive nephrectomy for metastatic renal carcinoma and RCC with IVC thrombus [1].

Traditionally, radical nephrectomy involved removal of the entire kidney along with Gerota's fascia and the perinephric fat and ipsilateral adrenal gland. The modern radical nephrectomy now allows for adrenal-sparing radical nephrectomy if there is no clinical evidence of adrenal gland invasion or metastasis [1].
