**2.4 Two-dimensional video imaging**

Most laparoscopic surgeries are performed with two-dimensional imaging (2D) systems. For operations, such as laparoscopic cholecystectomies, the gallbladder can be well visualized in one 2D frame. In contrast, in complex laparoscopic operations, such as pancreatectomy, a surgeon's perception of the three-dimensional relation of intraabdominal organs and depth is sub-optimal, making complex dissection more difficult. This adds to the learning curve of surgeons training to do advanced laparoscopic surgery. 3D laparoscopic surgery has been found to reduce operative time in UGI and colorectal surgery, however with no overall reduction in complications [11].
