**6. Conclusion and recommendation**

To ensure UHC and equitable access of at least essential health care for everyone in a country, public financing for health is absolutely needed. Public finance for health using single-payer scheme has a lot of advantages yielding more effective and more efficient financing schemes. Tax-funded, NHS model, or single-payer NHI model appears to be more effective and more efficient to produce expected outcomes of IMR. Multiple payer system of SHI appears somehow less effective and less efficient compared to the single-payer, monopsonist system. The authors recommend that LMICs that have not achieved UHC and are under consideration to reform health financing system may explore the possibility of introducing a single-payer health financing system. If a taxfunded (NHS) model is not possible, implementing SHI gradually to achieve an NHI would be a preferred choice. However, political battles need to be anticipated.
