**4. Health insurance system as a means of attaining universal health coverage**

For many nations, health insurance is an integral component of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) [39]. In accordance to a 2017 World Health Organization (WHO) report, half of the planet's population cannot benefit from relevant health services, whereas about 100 million people per year are forced into chronic poverty as a consequence of medical expenses. Additionally, 800 million individuals spend roughly 10% of their family income on healthcare [7].

Fifty-eight (58) WHO World Health Assembly member nations resolved to expand their health-financing systems by increasing the role of prepayment for medical services while reducing direct payments, which were considered among the obstacles to accessing medical services [30]. Among the prepayment schemes, community-based health insurance (CBHI) is one that pools risks across different population groups so that the financial burden of catastrophic illnesses is significantly reduced for the individual [40]. CBHI reduces out-of-pocket expenditure and improves cost recovery, and it appears to be the most appropriate insurance model for informal sectors [40–42]. Balancing these three dimensions while emphasizing the quality and equity of the health services, is essential to achieving UHC [33].

UHC is, arguably, one of the most important aspects of equitable and fair access to healthcare services relevant to the needs of individuals. UHC program adoption has been reliant on a robust leadership of the party, detailing a variety of specific legislative, financial, and social tools all packed together that make the intervention successful and relevant from a long-term system integration viewpoint. Acquiring finances, pooling resources, and procuring services and benefit plans are some of the tasks involved in financing healthcare [43, 44].

However, achieving UHC is a journey of gradual realization in which everyone must advance on a variety of levels, including the scope of available services like medications, medical supplies, health professionals, infrastructure, and information as well as the percentage of covered cost and individuals [45, 46]. Therefore, to make progress, many stakeholders must be committed to working together and have the capacity to recognize and overcome hurdles. Health financing restructuring is

vital and should be aimed at providing everyone with access to healthcare, offering financial protection, enhancing health outcomes, lowering the financial risks associated with illness, and boosting equity financing to overcome the current financial constraints to receiving medical care [12].
