**1. Introduction**

Health is essential for leading a fruitful social and economic life [1]. Due to their direct impact on their ability to work, individuals' well-being is crucial for ensuring the welfare of the household as a whole, especially that of children [1]. Good health is the desired state for the wellness of human beings and to prolong economic, social, and political development pursuing a healthy society and global fastening. Healthcare access affects an individual's entire health condition, such as physical, mental, and social, as well as the overall quality of life [2].

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), access to healthcare services is a fundamental human right for every individual, and it is the responsibility of the government to make sure that these services are acceptable and readily available at all times [3]. Accessibility to healthcare services has various aspects that are influenced

by service availability, the quality of patient care provided at health facilities, geographical connectivity, and economical mobility [3].

With significant regional diversity, there are combinations of health financing system consisting of public (tax-based systems, health insurance funds, and external funds) and private (mostly in the form of out-of-pocket payments) for financing healthcare worldwide. Prepayment model health financing systems are crucial for financial risk protection (FRP), which guarantees that people access healthcare without experiencing economic difficulties and are used by most high-income and middle-income nations. However, in low-income nations, these models are frequently inadequate and hence, many are excessively reliant on out-of-pocket payments, which put households at an elevated risk of financial difficulty and inequities in health outcomes [4, 5]. One hundred and fifty million individuals worldwide experience financial hardship due to the cost of healthcare services [6]. About 400 million individuals lack access to healthcare, and 8 million people lost their life due to preventable diseases, resulting in a loss of 6 trillion USD in economic productivity in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) [6]. The sustainable development goals (SDGs) were adopted by world leaders in 2015, and these leaders strived toward achieving universal health coverage, which includes financial safeguards and access to inexpensive, high-quality critical medications [6].

The World Health Organization defines universal health coverage as the provision of preventive, curative, and rehabilitative health services without causing financial hardship when getting these services [7]. This process is challenging as it requires identifying the crucial elements that improve or degrade coverage, services, and reducing inequalities due to the abundance of players and the complexities of interactions that affect health coverage [8]. Therefore, to achieve the aims of UHC, strategies should be defined, formulated, and entrenched in various aspects of health financing policy environment. In this sense, the core of UHC is financial security, and enhancing safety net is a major goal of health financing policy. The framework, actions of key parties, and level of health outcomes are all defined by the type of healthcare financing used.

As a result, the finance model for healthcare is intimately and inextricably related to the delivery of health services, and it also serves to establish the upper limits of the system's capacity to meet the overarching objective of accelerating national economic growth [9]. Healthcare financing includes not just how to raise the necessary funds to meet a country's healthcare demands, but also how to assure fairness, affordability and accessibility of healthcare services, and financial risk mitigation. How health systems are financed largely determines whether people can obtain needed healthcare and whether they suffer financial hardship at the instance of obtaining care [10, 11].
