**3. Risk factors of exacerbation of HF**

HF can be prevented from developing, exacerbating, or recurring by various interventions, such as appropriate treatment and medication for risk factors for heart failure, in addition to lifestyle-related management such as diet and exercise. Smoking is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and smoking cessation is strongly recommended for smokers because quitting reduces the mortality rate and readmission rate for cardiovascular disease, including HF [8]. Obesity and diabetes are associated with the development of HF, and insulin resistance-based diabetes and metabolic syndrome are both major risk factors for cardiovascular disease and are commonly used in weight loss and exercise therapy. In addition to improving lifestyle habits, comprehensive risk management through comprehensive treatment is required [9]. To prevent the exacerbation of HF, nurses need to understand risk factors and prevention strategies. **Table 2** shows risk factors of exacerbation of HF.


#### **Table 2.** *Risk factors of exacerbation of HF.*
