**5. Treatment strategies: pharmacological and other treatments**

No drug has been developed specifically to cure somnambulism [60]. However, based on case histories, clonazepam—a tranquilizer of benzodiazepine class patented in 1960, at 0.25–0.5 mg dose to be taken 1–2 h before sleeping [61–63], imipramine—a tricyclic antidepressant [64], paroxetine—a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor [65] and ramelteon, a melatonin receptor agonist, at a dose of 4 mg/day [66] have been suggested for successful treatments. Though clonazepam has been the most widely used medication for non-REM sleep parasomnias with reported success, its use has been restricted in France, for the reason that it may increase sleep-disoriented breathing and induce sedation the following day [32].

In a recent review on medication-induced somnambulism, Stallman et al. [33] had identified 29 medications that are possible triggers for sleepwalking. For convenience, these medications have been categorized into five classes as follows—(1) benzodiazepine receptor agonists and other gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) modulators, (2) antidepressants and other serotonergic agents, (3) antipsychotics, (4) β-blockers, and (5) "others," including antibiotic ciprofloxacin.

Other types of treatments include hypnosis [67, 68], psychotherapy, aversive behavioral therapy [69], and the use of customized bed alarms. A recent review with 60 references by de Cock [70] is recommended for additional details on this theme.
