*Ventricular Septal Defects: A Review DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104809*

(such as atrial septal defects and partial anomalous pulmonary venous return), O2 saturations at rest, absence of sinus rhythm, and presence of pericardial effusion were determined as predictors of mortality [41]. Right heart catheterization remains gold standard to confirm diagnosis of ES. In ES patients with established reversed shunt and significant vascular remodeling and PVOD repair is not indicated [17]. Pregnancy is associated maternal and fetal mortality and is contraindicated. Management of patients with ES with drug therapy was reviewed in the section on 8.1. Medical Management and will not be repeated. Many other novel treatment trials and targeted PAH therapies have promising results with improvement in functional capacity and hemodynamic parameters; however, prospective randomized studies are needed to assess their effect on mortality.
