**5. Conclusions**

In the present work, customized flow reactors were designed, fabricated, and characterized through standard methodologies available in the literature. The characterization of the reactors was through RTD studies followed by estimation of various dimensionless parameters to understand the behavior such as E, F and C curves, mean residence time, variance, skewness factor, Reynolds number, Bodenstein number, Dispersion coefficients, and Damköhler number. The results have shown a noteworthy impact on these reactor designs, especially the tubular reactor and packed bed reactor under various operating regimes. The type 1 reactor falls under the transitional region and type 2 reactor falls under the laminar region. It could be concluded that both the reactors have varying degrees of back mixing observed across process conditions. In the case of dispersion, a smaller dispersion was found for type 1 and reasonably large dispersion in type 2 reactor, also the diffusion occurs much faster than the reaction, thus diffusion reaches equilibrium well before the reaction is at equilibrium for type 1 reactor and diffusion-limited system for type 2 reactor. Overall, the behavior of reactor type 1 is more or like the plug flow and reactor type 2 is behaving far from ideal conditions of the plug flow reactor. The spread of distribution was almost twice in a packed bed reactor in comparison with the tubular reactor.

Similarly, the reaction conversion across these reactors have shown significant variation across the reactor types under identical conditions. A significant reduction in residence time was observed in type 1 reactor versus type 2 and batch reactor to achieve similar or equivalent conversion. There is no much impact of ultrasonication on the reaction kinetics of type 1 reactor designs for the given reaction conditions. As a path forward, these reactors could be tested with other reactions or modify the design factors to understand the influence of design and operating conditions.

*Recent Advances in Chemical Kinetics*
