**Author details**

Ming-Yi Liu and Pao-Hsii Wang *Department of Civil Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Jhongli City, Taiwan* 

#### **6. References**


[10] Gattulli, V., Lepidi, M., Macdonald, J.H.G., and Taylor, C.A. (2005). "One-to-two globallocal interaction in a cable-stayed beam observed through analytical, finite element and experimental models." *International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics*, 40(4), 571-588.

254 Earthquake Engineering

shapes of cable-stayed bridges.

Ming-Yi Liu and Pao-Hsii Wang

*Dynamics*, 4(2), 111-138.

*Dynamics*, 22(2), 93-111.

*Dynamics*, 31(6), 1281-1300.

187(4), 695-712.

John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK.

*Engineering Mechanics*, *ASCE*, 122(7), 613-622.

**Author details** 

**6. References** 

2571-2589.

frequency approach one another, implying that the mode shapes of such coupled modes are simply different from those of the deck-tower system or stay cables alone. The distribution of the generalized mass ratios between the deck-tower system and stay cables are useful indices for quantitatively assessing the degree of coupling for each mode. To extend the two finite element models to be under the seismic excitation, it is evident that the dynamic displacements of the stay cables are successfully captured by the MECS model, but not by the OECS model. In addition, the dynamic displacements of the deck-tower system as well as the dynamic internal forces of the stay cables and those of the deck-tower system are reasonably simulated by both the OECS and MECS models. These results are demonstrated to fully understand the mechanism of the deck-stay interaction with the appropriate initial

*Department of Civil Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Jhongli City, Taiwan* 

[1] Abdel-Ghaffar, A.M., and Khalifa, M.A. (1991). "Importance of cable vibration in dynamics of cable-stayed bridges." *Journal of Engineering Mechanics*, *ASCE*, 117(11),

[2] Gimsing, N.J. (1997). "Cable supported bridges: Concept and design." Second Edition,

[3] Fujino, Y., Warnitchai, P., and Pacheco, B.M. (1993). "An experimental and analytical study of autoparametric resonance in a 3DOF model of cable-stayed-beam." *Nonlinear* 

[4] Warnitchai, P., Fujino, Y., Pacheco, B.M., and Agret, R. (1993). "An experimental study on active tendon control of cable-stayed bridges." *Earthquake Engineering and Structural* 

[5] Warnitchai, P., Fujino, Y., and Susumpow, T. (1995). "A non-linear dynamic model for cables and its application to a cable-structure system." *Journal of Sound and Vibration*,

[6] Lilien, J.L., and Pinto da Costa, A. (1994). "Vibration amplitudes caused by parametric excitation of cable stayed structures." *Journal of Sound and Vibration*, 174(1), 69-90. [7] Pinto da Costa, A., Martins, J.A.C., Branco, F., and Lilien, J.L. (1996). "Oscillations of bridge stay cables induced by periodic motions of deck and/or towers." *Journal of* 

[8] Gattulli, V., Morandini, M., and Paolone, A. (2002). "A parametric analytical model for non-linear dynamics in cable-stayed beam." *Earthquake Engineering and Structural* 

[9] Gattulli, V., and Lepidi, M. (2003). "Nonlinear interactions in the planar dynamics of cable-stayed beam." *International Journal of Solids and Structures*, 40(18), 4729-4748.


[26] Fleming, J.F. (1979). "Nonlinear static analysis of cable-stayed bridge structures." *Computers and Structures*, 10(4), 621-635.

**Chapter 10** 

© 2012 Lin et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 Lin et al., licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Dynamic Behaviour of the Confederation** 

The Confederation Bridge, which was opened for traffic in June 1997, is 12,910 m long and is one of the longest reinforced concrete bridges built over water in the world. The bridge crosses the Northumberland Strait in eastern Canada and connects the province of Prince

The bridge is located in a region known for very harsh environmental conditions. The Strait is covered by ice approximately three to four months in a year. Heavy storms with winds in excess of 100 km/h are often experienced at the bridge site. Given the importance of the Confederation Bridge, its length, and the environmental conditions, special criteria were imposed in the design and construction of the bridge in order to provide a high degree of safety during its operational life. The bridge was designed for a service life of 100 years, which is twice the service life considered in the Canadian codes for highway bridges that were in use during the design of the Confederation Bridge, i.e., the CSA Standard CAN/CSA-S6-88 [1], and the Ontario Highway Bridge Design Code (OHBDC) [2]. A safety index of 4.0 was used in the design, compared with 3.5 specified in CAN/CSA-S6-88 and OHBDC. Load combinations and load resistance factors were developed specifically for the design of the bridge, as described in [3]. A number of assumptions had to be made in the design, particularly for the long-term properties of the materials in the specific environmental conditions and for the effects of various dynamic loads on the performance of the bridge. Given these assumptions, a comprehensive research program was undertaken to monitor and study the behaviour of the bridge. As part of this program, a study was conducted to investigate the dynamic performance of the bridge under seismic loads. The objective of the study was to compare the responses of the bridge for seismic actions representative of the seismic hazard at the bridge location with those used in the design. There are two major reasons for undertaking this study. First, significant advancements in

**Bridge Under Seismic Loads** 

Lan Lin, Nove Naumoski and Murat Saatcioglu

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Edward Island and the province of New Brunswick.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50070

**1. Introduction** 

