**6. References**


[6] Graves RW, Pitarka A, Somerville PG. Ground motion amplication in the Santa Monica area: effects of shallow basin edge structure. Submitted for publication.

A Cognitive Look at Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering: Understanding the Multidimensionality of the Phenomena 101

[26] IBM (2006). Autonomic Computing White Paper. An Architectural Blueprint for

[27] Wang, Y. (2004). Keynote: On Autonomic Computing and Cognitive Processes. Proc. 3rd IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Informatics (ICCI'04), Victoria, Canada,

[28] Wang, Y. (2007a, July). Software Engineering Foundations: A Software Science Perspective. CRC Book Series in Software Engineering, Vol. II, Auerbach Publications,

[29] Bouchon-Meunier, B. Yager, R. Zadeh, L. 1995. Fuzzy Logic and SoftComputing.

[30] Bezdek, J.C.: What is a computational intelligence? In: Zurada, J.M., Marks II, R.J., Robinson, C.J. (eds.) Computational Intelligence: Imitating Life, pp. 1–12. IEEE Press,

[32] Zadeh L.A. The roles of fuzzy logic and soft computing in the conception, design and

[33] Aliev R.A. and Aliev R.R., Soft Computing, volumes I, II, III. Baku: ASOA Press, 1997-

[35] Zadeh L.A. Foreword. In Proc. First European Congress on Intelligent Techniques and

[38] Zadeh L.A. Fuzzy logic, Neural Networks and Soft Computing . Comm of ACM 37(3):

[39] Welstead S.T.(ed) Neural Networks and Fuzzy Logic Applications in C/C++,

[40] Yager R.R. and Zadeh L.A.(eds) Fuzzy sets, neural networks and Soft Computing. NY:

[41] Nauck D., Klawonn F., and Kruse R., Foundations of Neuro-Fuzzy Systems.NY: John

[42] Mohamad H.Hassoun, Fundamentals of artificial neural networks. Cambridge: MIT

[43] Haykin S., Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation. Marmillau and IEEE

[44] Goldberg D.E., Genetic algorithms in search, optimization and machine learning.

[45] Arciszewski T. and De Jong K.A. (2001). Evolutionary computation in civil engineering: research frontiers. Eight International Conference on Civil and Structural Engineering Computing, (Topping B. H. V., ed.), Saxe-Coburg Publications, Eisenstadt,

[34] Aliev R., Bonfig K., and Aliew F., Soft Computing. Berlin: Verlag Technic, 2000.

[36] Zadeh L. A. Soft Computing and Fuzzy Logic. IEEE Software 11 (6): 48-58, 1994. [37] Aliev R.A. Fuzzy Expert Systems. In Aminzadeh F. and Jamshidi M.(eds) SOFT COMPUTING: Fuzzy Logic, Neural Networks and Distributed Artificial

[31] Zadeh, L.A.: Fuzzy Sets. Information and Control 8, 338–353 (1965)

deployment of intelligent systems. BT Technol J. 14(4): 32-36, 1994.

Autonomic Computing, 4th ed., June, (pp. 1-37).

Soft Computing - EUFIT'95, page VII, 1995.

Intelligence.pages 99-108. NJ: PTR Prentice Hall, 1994.

Professional Computing. NY: John Wiley, 1994.

VAN Nostrand Reinhold , 1994.

Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1989.

Wiley and Sons, 1997.

Computer Society, 1994.

IEEE CS Press, (pp. 3-4).

World Scientific, Singapore.

Los Alamitos (1994)

1998 (in Russian).

77-84, 1994.

Press, 1995.

Vienna, Austria.

NY.


1995;II(1):111±28.

1426pp.

1988;17:1±105.

H. Freeman & Co.

26(1), 41-50.

York: John Wiley & Sons.

Springer.

[6] Graves RW, Pitarka A, Somerville PG. Ground motion amplication in the Santa Monica

[7] Somerville PG. Emerging art: earthquake ground motion. In: Dakoulas P, Yegian M, Holtz RD, editors. Proc Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering in Soil Dynamics III,

[8] Abrahamson NA. Spatial variation of multiple support inputs. Proc. First US Symp.

[9] Naeim F, Lew M. On the use of design spectrum compatible motions. Earthquake Spec

[10] Boulanger R.W. and Idriss, I.M. (2006). "Liquefaction Susceptibility Criteria for Silts and Clays," Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 132 (11), 1413–

[11] Boulanger R.W. and Idriss, I.M. (2007). "Evaluation of Cyclic Softening in Silts and Clays", Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 133 (6), 641–652pp. [12] Youd and Idriss, NCEER. Proceedings, Workshop on Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance of Soils. Technical Report No. NCCER-97-0022. National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 1997. [13] Seed HB, Tokimatsu K, Harder LF, Chung RM. Influence of SPT procedures in soil

[14] Robertson PK, Fear CE. Liquefaction of sands and its evaluation. Proceedings, 1st Int.

[15] Ambraseys NN. Engineering seismology. Earthquake Engng Struct Dynam

[16] Wang, Y. (2008a). On Contemporary Denotational Mathematics for Computational Intelligence. In Transactions of Computational Science (Vol. 2, pp. 6-29). New York:

[17] Wang, Y. (2009a). On Abstract Intelligence: Toward a Unified Theory of Natural, Artificial, Machinable, and Computational Intelligence. International Journal of

[18] Wang, Y. (2009b). On Cognitive Computing. International Journal of Software Science

[20] Von Neumann, J. (1946). The Principles of Large-Scale Computing Machines.

[21] Von Neumann, J. (1958). The Computer and the Brain. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press. [22] Gersting, J.L. (1982). Mathematical Structures for Computer Science. San Francisco: W.

[23] Mandrioli, D., & Ghezzi, C. (1987). Theoretical Foundations of Computer Science. New

[24] Lewis, H.R., & Papadimitriou, C.H. (1998). Elements of the Theory of Computation,

[25] Kephart, J., & Chess, D. (2003). The Vision of Autonomic Computing. IEEE Computer,

[19] Turing, A.M. (1950). Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Mind, 59, 433-460.

liquefaction resistance evaluations. J Geotech Engng 1985;111(12):1425±45.

Conf. on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Tokyo, Japan, 1995.

Software Science and Computational Intelligence, 1(1), 1–18.

Reprinted in Annals of History of Computers, 3(3), 263-273.

2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall International.

and Computational Intelligence, 1(3), 1–15.

area: effects of shallow basin edge structure. Submitted for publication.

Geotechnical Special Publication No. 75, vol. 1. ASCE, 1998. p. 1±38.

Seism. Eval. Retrofit Steel Bridges, UC, Berkeley, October 18, 1993.


[46] Miettinen, K.; Neittaanmaki, P.and Periaux, J. 1999, Evolutionary Algorithms in Engineering and Computer Science : Recent Advances in Genetic Algorithms, Evolution Strategies, Evolutionary Programming, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., pps. 483. ISBN 0471999024

A Cognitive Look at Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering: Understanding the Multidimensionality of the Phenomena 103

[60] Carballo, J E, y C A Cornell (2000), "Probabilistic seismic demand analysis: spectrum matching and design", Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford

[63] Huang, N. E., Zheng, S., Long, S. R., Wu, M. C., Shih, H. H., Zheng, Q., Yen, N.-C., Tung, C. C., and Liu, M. H., (1998). "The empirical mode decomposition and Hilbert spectrum for nonlinear and nonstationary time series analysis", Proc. R. Soc. London,

[64] Roulle, A., and F. J. Chavez-Garcia (2006). The strong ground motion in Mexico City:

[65] Kawase, H. and K. Aki (1989). A study of the response of a soft bas in for incident S, P and Rayleigh waves with special reference to the long duration observed in Mexico

[66] Yoshida, N. & Iai, S. (1998). "Nonlinear site response and its evaluation and prediction," IN Irikura, K., Kudo, K., Okada, K. & Sasatani, T. (Eds.) The Second International Symposium on the Effects of Surface Geology on Seismic Motion,

[67] Herrera, I. y Rosenblueth, E. "Response Spectra on Stratified Soil". Proc. 3rd. World

[68] Romo, M. P. and Jaime, A. (1986). "Dynamic characteristics of some clays of the Mexico Valley and seismic response of the ground". Technical Report, Apr., Instituto de

[69] Jaime, A., Romo, M. P., and Reséndiz, D. (1988). "Comportamiento de pilotes de fricción en arcilla del valle de México." Series of the Instituto de Ingeniería, Mexico

[70] Romo, M. P., and Seed (1986). "Analytical modelling of dynamic soil response in the Mexico Earthquake of September 19, 1985". Proc. ASCE Int. Conf. on the Mexico

[71] García S R, Romo M P and Mayoral J, (2007), "Estimation of Peak Ground Accelerations for Mexican Subduction Zone Earthquakes using Neural Networks",

[72] Castro, G., Poulos, S.J., France, JW., Enos, J.L. 1982. Liquefaction induced by cyclic

[73] Seed, H. B., Idriss, I. M., and Arango, I., "Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential Using Field Performance Data," Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol.

[74] Seed, H. B. and Idriss, I. M.1971. Simplified procedure for evaluation soil liquefaction potential. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations ASCE, 97 (9), 1249-1273. [75] Youd, T.L., Idriss, I.M. , Andrus, R.D., Arango, I., Castro, G., Christian, J.T., Dobry, R., Liam F., Harder, L.F., Hynes M.E., Ishihara, K., Koester, J.P., Liao,S.S.C., Marcuson III, W.F., Martin, G.R., Mitchell, J.K., Moriwaki, Y., Power, M.S., Robertson, P.K., Seed, R.B.,

Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Nueva Zelandia, pp. 44-56, 1965.

Analysis of data recorded by a 3D array, Soil. Dyn. Eq. Eng. 26 71-89.

[61] Kircher, C., 1993. Personal communication with Farzad Naeim and Marshall Lew. [62] Naeim, F; J. Kelly. 1999. Design of Seismic Isolated Structures from Theory to Practice.

University, Report No. RMS-41.

Ser. A 454, 903–995.

City, Mexico

Earthquakes-1985, 148-162

109, No. GT3, 1983. Seed et al., 1983

New York, John Wiley & Sons. 289p.

City, Bull Seism. Soc. Am. 79, 1361-1382.

Yokohama, Japan, A.A.Balkema, 71-90.

Ingenieria, Mexico City, Mexico (in Spanish).

Geofísica Internacional, Vol 46-1, pp 51-63, enero-marzo

loading. Winchester, Mass: Geotechnical Engineers Inc.


0471999024

58-75.

Peru.

II-02

73-1.

Cambridge, MA.

Center, Berkeley, CA.

[46] Miettinen, K.; Neittaanmaki, P.and Periaux, J. 1999, Evolutionary Algorithms in Engineering and Computer Science : Recent Advances in Genetic Algorithms, Evolution Strategies, Evolutionary Programming, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., pps. 483. ISBN

[47] Youngs, R. R., S. J. Chiou, W. J. Silva and J. R. Humphrey, 1997. Strong ground motion attenuation relationships for subduction zone earthquakes. Seismol. Res. Lett., (68) 1,

[48] Anderson, J. G., 1997. Nonparametric description of peak acceleration above a

[49] Crouse, C. B., 1991. Ground motion attenuation equations for earthquakes on the

[50] Singh, S. K., M. Ordaz, M. Rodríguez, R. Quaas, V. Mena, M. Ottaviani, J. G. Anderson and D. Almora, 1989. Analysis of near-source strong motion recordings along the

[51] Crouse, C. B., Y. K. Vyas and B. A. Schell, 1988. Ground motions from subduction-

[52] Singh, S. K., E. Mena, R. Castro and C. Carmona, 1987. Empirical prediction of ground motion in Mexico City from coastal earthquakes. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 77, 1862-1867. [53] Sadigh, K., 1979. Ground motion characteristics for earthquakes originating in subduction zones and in the western United States. Proc. Sixth Pan Amer. Conf., Lima,

[54] Tichelaar, B.F., and L. J. Ruff, 1993. Depth of seismic coupling along subduction zones.

[55] Atkinson, G. M. and D. M. Boore, 2003. Empirical ground-motion Relations for Subduction-Zone Earthquakes and Their Applications to Cascadia and other regions.

[56] Gómez, S. C., M. Ordaz and C. Tena, 2005. Leyes de atenuación en desplazamiento y aceleración para el diseño sísmico de estructuras con aislamiento en la costa del Pacífico. Memorias del XV Congreso Nacional de Ingeniería Sísimica, México, Nov. A-

[57] Gasparini, D., and Vanmarcke, E. H. 1976. SIMQKE: A Program for Articial Motion Generation, Department of Civil Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

[58] Silva, W.J., and Lee, K. (1987). "WES RASCAL code for synthesizing earthquake ground motions." State-of-the-Art for Assessing Earthquake Hazards in the United States, Report 24, U.S. Army Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Misc. Paper S-

[59] Bolt, B. A., and Gregor, N. J. 1993. "Synthesized Strong Ground Motions for the Seismic Condition Assessment of the Eastern Portion of the San Francisco Bay Bridge", Report UCB /EERC-93/12, University of California, Earthquake Engineering Research

subduction thrust. Seismol. Res. Lett., (68) 1, 86-94.

Cascadia subduction zone. Earth. Spectra, 7, 210-236.

zone earthquakes. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.,78, 1-25.

J. Geophys. Res., 98, 2017-2037.

Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 93, 4, 1703-1729

Mexican subduction zone. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 79, 1697-1717.


and Stokoe, K.H. 2001. Liquefaction resistance of soils. Summary report from the 1996 NCEER and 1998 NCEER/NSF workshops on evaluation of liquefaction resistance of soils. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 127(10), 817–833.

**Chapter 4** 

© 2012 Lan and Zhongjie Zhang, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 Lan and Zhongjie Zhang, licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Three-Dimensional Wavefield Simulation in** 

Rough topography is very common and we have to deal with it during the acquisition, processing and interpretation of seismic data. For example, in the context of the deep seismic soundings to explore the crustal structure, seismic experiments are usually carried out across: (a) orogenic belts for understanding the mechanisms; (b) basins to understand the formation mechanisms; (c) transition zones for the study of its interaction (Al-Shukri et al., 1995; Ashford et al., 1997; Boore, 1972; Jih et al., 1988; Levander, 1990; Robertsson, 1996; Zhang et al., 2010). In oil/gas seismic exploration, seismologists also have a similar problem

In the last two decades, several approaches have been proposed to simulate wave propagation in heterogeneous medium with irregular topography. These schemes include finite element method (Rial et al., 1992; Toshinawa and Ohmachi, 1992), spectral element method (Komatitsch and Tromp, 1999, 2002), pseudo-spectral method (Nielsen et al., 1994; Tessmer et al., 1992; Tessmer and Kosloff, 1994), boundary element method (Bouchon et al., 1989; Campillo and Bouchon, 1985; Sánchez-Sesma and Campillo, 1993; Sánchez-Sesma et al., 2006), finite difference method (Frankel and Vidale, 1992; Gao and Zhang, 2006; Hestholm and Ruud, 1994, 1998; Jih et al., 1988; Lombard et al., 2008; Robertsson, 1996; Zhang and Chen, 2006), and also a hybrid approach which combines the staggered-grid finite difference scheme with the finite element method (Galis et al., 2008; Moczo et al., 1997). Both the spectral element and the finite element methods satisfy boundary conditions on the free surface naturally. 3D surface and interface topographies can be modeled using curved piecewise elements. However, the classical finite element method suffers from a high computational cost, and, on the other hand, a smaller spectral element than the one required by numerical dispersion is required to describe a highly curved topography, as

**Heterogeneous Transversely Isotropic** 

**Medium with Irregular Free Surface** 

Haiqiang Lan and Zhongjie Zhang

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/48300

**1. Introduction** 

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

with the undulating topography along the survey line.

