**2.1 E-learning for blind or visually impaired students**

Vision is the primary sense that is necessary for successful learning and development [32]. One of the main problems associated with low vision is access to information, which is only exacerbated using advanced technologies [33]. B&VI students are faced with barriers in daily life, and in their studies, they frequently require the use of assistive tools and technologies [34].

The barriers for B&VI students are different from those perceived by other people. Most e-learning environments are designed for students without vision problems. They are based on the use of visual images and interactive functions, which, however, cannot be used by students with acute visual impairments. As a result, they need to rely on applications that allow the translation of screen content and documents into more accessible formats [35].

The most common barriers for students with acute visual impairment are unavailability of websites, unavailability of learning materials, and special learning requirements related to their needs. To ensure an understanding of the concepts of teaching for B&VI students, additional learning resources created specifically for their needs are, therefore, needed [35]. In their work, Kesič et al. [36] emphasized the main barriers for B&VI students in the classical teaching approach. Based on the mentioned literature review, in **Table 1** we summarized essential e-learning solutions for B&VI, primarily relying on technology assistance.


**Table 1.**

*Basic e-learning solutions for educating B&VI students.*
