**4.2 Structuring learning interactions in 'Flow Channel'**

Learning experiences in the modules contain increasingly newer information. If the learning experiences are structured in an uphill channel and the equilibrium

**Figure 3.** *CCAF model of instructional design [14].*

between the learner's ability and the learning challenge is not considered in designing the modules in either fully online or blended learning, the experience would be exhausting for the learner. When the challenge is too easy compared to the ability, it does not motivate the learner. On the other end, the challenge being too hard compared to the ability brings frustrating experience. A challenge of a new learning experience that is 'slightly hard' brings a sense of motivation to complete the learning task. The principle of 'Flow channel' brings a balance between challenge and satisfaction (**Figure 4**).

**Figure 4.** *Flow channel allows balance between the ability and challenge.*
