**2. Online environment challenges**

Most of the training before the pandemic was face-to-face and a small amount, of course, were presented in the learning management systems fully designed. The real contact between educators and learners is irreplaceable. The education got together a lot of challenges in the pure online environment [4–9]. Uncertainty was in the first place. The migration from face-to-face to online learning meets unprepared players. In the beginning, there was no clear strategy: how to provide courses, what kind of tools to use, what were the Internet quality access, how to examine learners, how to be sure of their identity, and so on.

Each institution has made its own decisions.

The divide problems in the digital environment cleared:


The same symptoms are observed, but at different depths for universities around the gloub.

Learners' behavior:



**Table 1.**

*Behavior gaps.*

Teachers' problems with:


Most learners do not answer the teacher's questions. There is a difference between bachelor's and master's. Younger learners try to remain "invisible" by keeping their cameras and microphones off. Older take more part in the classes. It is important from educators' perspectives. Another aspect is learner satisfaction [13] which varies.

In order to motivate learners, some additional pedagogical and technological approaches need to be used. There must be a gap [14–17] in the digital behavior of learners and teachers (**Table 1**). They fall into different groups: digital natives and digital immigrants in terms of digital fluency with respect to technology usage in general, rather than on any specific technology [16].

Having in mind these prerequisites, the educators have to design their e-learning courses appropriate for blended and/or hybrid modes. The next section goes deeper into the "learning" terms.
