**5. Conclusion and future directions of research**

For sized EV storage battery, CED order is: Pb-Acid > Ni-MH > Li-based (6.16 MJ/kWh) > VRB ≈ NaS. For sized grid-storage, CED order for: Long duration is: Ni-MH > Pb-Acid > Li-based (0.53 MJ/kWh) ≈ VRB ≈ NaS and Short duration is: Ni-MH > Pb-Acid > Li-based (2.11 MJ/kWh) > VRB ≈ NaS.

Considering the technology readiness level, form factor versatility, other electrochemical factors listed in Section 2.1, and the average C2G impact obtained under all case studies, Li-based chemistries are recommended to be chosen as the favorable chemistry for EV and RES applications. As evident from **Table 6**, the Cradle-to-gate with use system boundary is not commonly analyzed, especially with functional units (as defined by ISO 14040 and 14044) which include both EV and RES applicability. In this figure, Refs. [42, 136–139] have EV's, Refs. [140, 141] have battery chemistry, and Refs. [133, 142–144] have grid storage as respective functional units. Hence, this chapter compensates for this research gap by analyzing both EV and RES functional units, with data obtained from other literatures, in a Cradle-to-gate and use system boundary using CED as the impact category.

The computation approaches discussed in this chapter are simplified for the readers to understand the LCA approach with lucidity. The applicable assumptions



*Sizing and Lifecycle Assessment of Electrochemical Batteries for Electric Vehicles… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.110121*

> **Table 6.**

*Comparison of LCA results.*

and constraints in both sizing and LCA are mentioned and discussed in their respective sections. Future works can focus on evaluating and sizing additional chemistries for LCA and possible greenhouse gas emissions evaluation. Authors also intend to perform an additional Cradle-to-grave application-dependent chemistry-specific analysis taking other renewable sources into consideration as a part of the future work.
