*5.3.1 Kinematics*

**Figure 15** compares the kinematics snapshots at 120 msec of the side-facing seated 50th%ile male occupant with the three restraint systems under the US NCAP rigid barrier frontal crash (FC-RB) (worst case). With the new restraint system, the occupant was protected from being impacted from the 1st row seat on his right side, while


#### **Table 6.**

*New restraint concept evaluation matrix.*


#### **Table 7.**

*Integrated restraint system performance evaluation matrix.*

#### **Figure 15.**

*The kinematics snapshots at 120 msec of the side-facing seated 50th%ile male occupant under the US NCAP rigid barrier frontal crash (FC-RB) with the three restraint systems—3 pt. SB (left), 4 pt. SB (middle), and new restraints (right).*

the occupant with the other two restraints (3 pt. and 4 pt. seatbelt) impacted heavily to the 1st row right seat on his right.

## *5.3.2 Injury analysis*

**Table 8** summarizes the injury measures for the body regions of head, neck, Thorax, abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities, outputted from the GHBMC M50- OS v1.8.4 (modified) model restrained with the new restraints for the eight crash cases.

**Figure 16** compares the body injury risks of the side-facing seated 50th%ile male occupant for the vehicle frontal & rear crash cases, restrained with 1) baseline 3 pt. SB


**Table 8.** *The injury measures for the body regions of the side-facing*

 *seated 50th%ile occupant restrained with the new restraints for the eight crash cases.*

*Smart Mobility - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications*

#### **Figure 16.**

*Comparison of the body injury risks of the side-facing seated 50th%ile male occupant for the vehicle frontal & rear crash cases, restrained with baseline 3 pt. SB (blue), 4 pt. SB (Orange), and new restraints (green).*

(in blue), 2) 4 ps SB (in Orange), and 3) new restraints. We see that the new restraint system significantly reduced all the body region risks compared to the 3 pt. SB restraint system.

**Figure 17** compares the body injury risks of the side-facing seated 50th%ile male occupant for the vehicle side crash cases, restrained with 1) baseline 3 pt. SB (in blue), 2) 4 ps SB (in Orange), and 3) new restraints. It showed that under all the side crash conditions the new restraint system also worked effectively for reducing the severe injury risks compared to the 3 pt. SB restraint baseline.

**Figure 18** compares the Full Body Injury Index of the side-facing seated 50th%ile male occupant with three restraint systems from all the vehicle crash cases. Overall, the new restraint system significantly reduced the risks from all the vehicle crash tests in **Table 3** compared to the other evaluated seatbelt only restraints.

#### **Figure 17.**

*Comparison of the side-facing seated 50th%ile male occupant body injury risks for the vehicle near side and farside crash cases, restrained with baseline 3 pt. SB (blue), 4 pt. SB (Orange), and new restraints (green).*

## *5.3.3 Discussion*

This study indicated that the conventional seatbelt system (with baseline 3-pt seatbelt alone) did not provide sufficient protection for the side-facing seated occupant. The same conclusion was also obtained from our other study on both 50th%ile male and 5th%ile female human occupants in a side-facing seat [84].

The 4-pt seatbelt restrain system investigated from this study did not show good performance. Further work was needed to improve the 4-pt restraint design and the restraint component model validation.

The new restraints concepts developed in this study were shown to be capable of effectively protecting the far-side seating occupant at different vehicle crash conditions. The restraint system consisted of the three restraint components, among which *Accidental Injury Analysis and Protection for Automated Vehicles DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105155*

#### **Figure 18.**

*Comparison of the full body injury index of the side-facing seated 50th%ile male occupant across all the vehicle crash cases, restrained with baseline 3 pt. SB (blue), 4 pt. SB (Orange), and new restraints (green).*

the seat-mounted side airbag (SSAB) was a key component that protected the head/ neck and torso more effectively. To further develop this concept design into a product in mass protection, more future work is required to resolve possible issues in the packaging and the manufacturing.
