**1. Introduction**

Latin American soils have low yields, chemical fertilisers are expensive, there are phytosanitary problems, soil deterioration and nitrogen deficiency in agricultural land, and at the international level, there is a search for ways to stop soil erosion, which is of great importance for the biological diversity of vegetation and fauna (**Figure 1**) [1].

One emblematic case is camu camu, which decreased to 1.5–2.5 t/ha during 2017 due to the reduction of N, K, and Mg in the soil. For this reason, it was proposed to increase production levels with biofertilizers by using cow manure, chicken manure, island guano, and river sediment.

The use of biofertilisers promotes insect repellency, increases resistance to pest and pathogen attacks through their odour (**Figure 2**) [2].

Climate change challenges agriculture, and variations in production and costs directly affect farmers [3]. In other countries, there are no soil quality problems, but pesticide residuals in products, such as tomatoes and cape gooseberries, with up to 10 pesticides found in the fruit and on the skin in concentrations of more than 0.002 ppm, toxic compounds, such as sulfotep, phorate, heptachlor, aldrin, endosulfan sulphate and I, making export impossible due to the minimum sanitary quality requirements [4].

In response, work is being done to raise awareness, proposing other forms of energy use such as alternative energies [5] and the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) together with Twin-N as biofertilisers in potato cultivation, which would completely replace the use of chemical fertilisers with a yield per hectare of

#### *Biomass, Biorefineries and Bioeconomy*

more than 116% compared to traditional fertilisation and a mostly healthy harvest of tubers with 1–10% skin lesions [6], moulds and beneficial bacteria to induce nodulation, inhibit the development of pathogenic microorganisms, fix nitrogen and other nutrients in plants, has been studied as an option for potential impact.

Mycorrhizae cover 95% of the requirements in the production of walnuts, being the production needs of 30% of nitrogen and 50% of potassium and phosphorus, the costs were 40.8% of the income from sales [7], there are studies whereby providing rhizobia a good quantity of nodules was obtained with very low weights with respect to the optimum values, but this is remedied after inoculating B. japonicum and Nod factors, offering a biotechnological alternative of acceptable yield [8].

But the antagonistic activity is another important factor, a study measures Trichoderma harzianum strains against Rhizotonia spp., Nakatea sigmoide, and Sclerotum folfsii, making T. harzianum superior in antagonism and antiparasitic activity against Garrido [9].

*Biotisation of Vegetables DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102551*

**Figure 3.** *Rhizobium action.*

Work was carried out on wheat grains, obtaining an increase in Nitrogen (2 to 15 N/ha) and dry matter absorbed of 20–40% of that applied biofertilisers improve nutrient absorption [10].

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, hydrogen sulphate, and Mucoromycotina fungi are studied, which colonise 78.1% of the species, of which only 56.2% are considered to be mycorrhizal [11].

When inoculating native rhizobia on peas (Pisum sativum), 40% of the crops show the formation of nodules in symbiosis, but only 10% show their efficiency in terms of nodulation percentage and speed (**Figure 3**) [12].

Organic fertilisers in sunflower give the highest availability of nutrients, improve the weather and conditions suitable for this crop, increase the achene protein (APC), and highlight the need for water supply and sunshine on the performance of the plant development. The benefits of biofertilisation are an increase in available N which increases soil microbial activity, increases P and K content, dry matter and protein yield, the biofertiliser that obtained the highest rates of 48% oil and 14% protein is goat manure [13].

Biofertilisers were found to increase P, Ca, and Mg values but were not very effective in coffee plantations, well conventional planting systems had no differences with respect to plagiotropic branches as well as fertiliser application and type of planting [14]. Similarly, with the addition of BMV-biofertiliser, the increase in N fell and the contents of Cu and Fe decreased linearly with the increase in biofertiliser. The loss of volatile N is indicated by the alkalinity and aggregation of Ca and Mg in the oil [15].

A biofertiliser obtained by anaerobic digestion of cassava effluent was applied to the development of Crambe plants, the results indicated that the higher the percentage of biofertiliser, the oil values obtained were lower than those of the control, even that the minimum value was achieved with the highest inoculation, in addition to potassium deficiency results in decreased productivity in Crambe grains [16]. Another case is the application of cattle manure biofertiliser to strawberry plants, where it was found that production was greater than 1,250 ml/plant/week in a protected environment and sprayed with cold water and white soil, obtaining the largest fruit size in diameter and length, but with less soluble solids content (Brix) than those grown in the environment in full sun [17].

Adding saltwater to soybean reduces photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration, with low intensity when inoculated with aerobically fermented bovine biofertiliser [18], demonstrating a plant protection mechanism. When evaluating the ectomycorrhizal fungus of pine, the accumulation of heavy metals in the roots of plants with ectomycorrhizal fungi was noted, which, contrary to expectations, had fewer shoots with this type of fungi, there was no difference with the control with respect to the rhizosphere, but there was a predominance of acidobacteria, actinobacteria, and proteobacteria [19].

This study analyses mycorrhiza strains isolated from pine fungus and rhizobium isolated from pea root, thus promoting their use as biofertiliser and taking advantage of their antagonistic capacity, considering their biotisation generated from these microorganisms in plants.

It is estimated that this process contributes between 60 and 80% of biological nitrogen fixation and this symbiosis provides a considerable part of combined nutrients and nitrogen in the soil and allows plants to grow without synthetic fertilisers and without impoverishing soils [20].
