**1. Introduction**

Energy is an indispensable and prominent factor to accelerate economic and social development all over the world, undoubtedly. Therefore, due to the rise of the global population and incline to growth in both developed and developing countries, the energy request has been growing [1–3]. On one side, strong concerns over the depletion of fossil fuel reserve/resource and their accessibility in the next decades for long-term planning, and on another side, serious warns related to greenhouse gas emission due to fossil fuel consumption and destructive predictions of climate change consequences at the global level necessitate a huge scale transition toward new energy arrangements with reduced or even negative greenhouse gases [4–6]. In addition, The Paris Agreement on climate change calls on members to preserve the global temperature rise below 1.5 to 2 degrees Celsius (°C) above pre-industrial levels [7]. One of the most significant measures toward energy systems with low (zero or negative) greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate global temperature rise in the long-term and is the application of renewable energies and their share into global energy consumption instead of fossil fuel [8–10]. Biomass is clean renewable energy that accumulates and transfers sun energy in the form of chemical energy during the growth of plants and trees through the photosynthesis process [11]. Therefore, biomass has been recognized as one of the renewable energy sources, with carbon capture capability

**Figure 1.** *General processes of bioenergy production from biomass feedstock.*

and carbon neutrality [12–14]. In this context as it is shown in **Figure 1**, biomass also demonstrates the capability of transformation of the accumulated energy into multiple general forms of final energy carries such as solid, liquid, and gaseous which are compatible for various sectors comprising heat, power, and transport fuel [15]. In order to convert biomass energy to carrier energy products, some approaches such as thermochemical, biochemical, and coupled hybrid bio-refinery platforms or processes have been developed to ease access to green energetic biofuels with high value-added and clean energy chemicals [16].
