**1. Introduction**

The increasing demand for electrical power, and the rapid depletion and environmental concerns of fossil fuels have prompted the increased need for alternate forms of clean and sustainable energy sources. Globally there is an unassertive move away from unabated coal, and the rise of renewable energies from under 30% of generation in 2020 to above 40% in 2030 [1]. According to statistics (2021) put out by International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), an entire of 2,802,004 MW of electricity generation was produced worldwide in 2020, added by 53,824 MW of electricity generation from Africa [2]. The International Energy Agency (IEA) projected that the worldwide energy mandate would be twofold by 2030 [3]. The global energy generation, ingesting, and financial development (1991–2017) swing displays a direct upsurge associated with the growing development of the global economy [4]. These cited worldwide trends of financial development mutually with industrial development and countryside electrification energy requirements are reflected in South Africa. South Africa's energy source is a mixture of 59% from carbon coal, 16% from petroleum, 3% from gasoline, 2% nuclear, and 20% from renewable resources and leftover [4, 5]. The worldwide cumulative swing of wind energy facility systems has speedily extended the wind energy facilities [6]. The wind is the gross effect of the pressure rise force, gravity, Coriolis, centrifugal and friction forces performing on the troposphere. The wind's aerodynamic features, lift and drag, angle of attack, and the effect of a high lift to drag ratio as the highest draft feature of the turbine rotor blade for effective wind power harvesting as explained in [7].

In [8], it was discussed how the twisted and tapered propeller-type rotor blades, could improve the angle of attack, rotor speed, and efficiency while reducing drag and bending stress. Betz equation evaluation of the wind energy conversion signifies that 59% optimum efficiency in which a conventional wind turbine can extract power from the wind [9]. Wind turbines generator systems are generally classified in lift and drag type, upwind and downwind type, and horizontal and vertical axis turbines. Most power utility networks operate either as N + 1 or N + 2 configuration criteria. N-0 configuration criterion is widely practiced in radial low voltage distribution networks [10]. A grid-connected wind energy system needs to meet certain standards before being integrated into the grid. Wind turbine generators control system (WTGCS) connects wind turbine generators to the grid, with a generation scheduling in place, that regulates the generator speed consequently adjusting the generator frequency, the voltage at the grid, active and reactive power flow using rotor side converter (RSC) and the grid side converter (GSC) and at the same time prefer to disconnect the wind turbines from the grid during faults, resulting in power losses, out of synchronization, and cascaded tripping of generation facilities [11].

The study in [12], clarifies in what way the controlled rotor current on the rotor side converter and a dynamic disruption elimination control by the resources of an extended state observer (ESO) controller the real and reactive stator powers produced by a wind power transformation method. In [13], an MPPT is combined with the DFIG stator flux oriented vector control to disassociate the control of real and reactive power produced by the DFIG centered wind turbine, with the generated power plattering as the dynamic energy reference for the DFIG. In [14], unit 3 directs the symmetrical and asymmetrical voltage rise and fall of the power grid-integrated DFIG, by including further current controller loops by disintegrating the vectorial references into progressive and undesirable signal indications. In [15], an open circuit stator negative sequence rotor current control system is applied, permitting the induced stator voltage to develop as unbalanced as the grid system voltage, henceforth allowing an even linking of DFIG to the power grid system. In [16], a wind speed assessment process centered on particle swarm optimization, and support vector regression, was evaluated to allow the MPPT control. The South African Renewable Energy Grid Code (SAREGC) published narration (2.9) in November 2016 stipulates the necessities for manufacturing standards, networking reliability, and unbalanced admittance to the power grid using RPPs.

This chapter aims to investigate the impact of wind energy penetration into the distribution grid for different percentages for the different scenarios of wind energy integration into the existing grid.
