**3.2 In-process defects**

### *3.2.1 Warping*

The occurrence of warping (see **Figure 2**) manifests in an up-curl and a detachment of corners that touch the print bed at the bottom of the part in production due to tension arising from a non-uniform thermal gradient and shrinkage effects in the part. Deposition of additional layers on a corner that has already started to warp can negatively amplify the situation and may lead to an extension of the detached area. In the worst case, the part completely detaches from the bed; at this point, a print job should be canceled to avoid damage to the printer and further material waste. Scholars indeed argue that inclusion of brims or rafts or a reduction of infill percentage can help to avoid warping. As warping is irreversible, its occurrence should trigger a cancelation of the print process.
