**3.2 Local temperature and KL factor distribution**

In this study, we evaluate the axial temperature distribution from the wall surface with position variations. **Figure 5** shows the time 1.2 ms ASOI in three types of positions where it reaches the maximum at injection pressure 180 MPa. These temperature distributions shown in **Figure 4** were obtained from **Figure 3**. On other hand, the increasing temperature has a reverse effect from some injection pressure. It means that 180 MPa of injection pressure contributed to the highest heat loss. In this case, the temperature gradient has an effect on the local heat flux and the heat transfer. In **Figure 5(c)** at position 3, the dominant temperature distribution at 180 MPa affect the wider area of flame distribution.

One of the necessary parts of heat loss on the wall during flame impinging is the spatial distribution of local temperatures. **Figure 6** shows the mean temperature near the wall at 0.8 mm for all variations. The result shows that the injection pressure of 180 MPa has the maximum temperature at all surface areas. It indicates that the flame temperature along the near wall is uniform. This made the local temperature gradient was higher.

#### **Figure 6.**

*Temperature near wall at 0.8 mm from wall during injection pressure. (a) Position 1. (b) Position 2. (c) Position 3.*

*Effect of Injection Pressure on Local Temperature and Soot Emission Distribution of Flat-Wall… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102867*

**Figure 7.** *KL Factor near wall at 0.8 mm from wall under injection pressures. (a) Position 1. (b) Position 2. (c) Position 3.*

The spatial distribution of the local KL Factor near a wall at 0.8 mm is shown in **Figure 7**(**a–c**). The figure shows that the distribution of KL Factor varies at three areas namely Position1, Position2, and Position3 under different Injection Pressures. KL Factor decreases with increasing time after the start of injection at all injection pressures and Positions. It can be seen from **Figure 7**(**a–c**) that the higher injection has a shorter KL Factor period where it will have an impact on the total amount of KL factor. This means that the injection of 180 MPa can be considered to have contributed to the reduction of carbon neutrality for a future society.
