Preface

Diesel engines are some of the most common reciprocating engines for use in power generation applications worldwide. Recently, biodiesel has been used as a substitute for diesel fuel, positioning it as a key technology to help achieve cleaner air and lower greenhouse gas emissions for a sustainable environment. Over twelve chapters, this book provides a comprehensive overview of diesel engines and biodiesel technologies.

Chapter 1, "Research and Innovation to Improve the Efficiency of Modern Diesel Engines", summarizes the authors' experience in improving diesel engines, increasing specific volume power and reliability, and ensuring a low level of environmental pollution emissions. It presents results of research using Industry 4.0 technologies for systematization, choice of directions, and the search for rational ways to improve the efficiency of diesel engines. It also considers the application of an ergo-exergy method for analyzing the efficiency of the working process of the engine and its systems. Taking into consideration the operating conditions, the chapter proposes technical solutions to improve the reliability of the most heat-stressed parts of high-powered engines. The possibilities for a comprehensive assessment of fuel efficiency and environmental qualities of diesel engines have been expanded taking into account CO2 emissions when using traditional, alternative, and hybrid diesel fuel.

Chapter 2, "The Influence of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Using Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Oil Blends and Conventional Diesel", focuses on finding the influence of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on waste plastic pyrolysis oil (WPPO) with diesel as a base comparison fuel. The chapter discusses engine performance and emission characteristics within the test fuel blends.

Chapter 3, "Effect of Injection Pressure on Local Temperature and Soot Emission Distribution of Flat-Wall Impinging Diesel Flame under Diesel Engine like-Condition", provides an investigation of near-wall temperature on heat transfer analysis, which has a crucial effect on the local heat flux, to understand the heat transfer phenomenon on the combustion chamber walls. The local temperature and KL factor (the factor for indicating the amount of combustion ) are investigated by using a high-speed video camera and a two-color method by using a volume vessel with a fix-impingement wall. Results show that the local temperature and KL factor distribution increase in low-injection pressure. The result had a dominant effect on local heat transfer.

Chapter 4, "A Comparative Evaluation of Biodiesel and Used Cooking Oil as Feedstock for HDRD Application: A Review", features an overview of a comparative evaluation of biodiesel and used cooking oil as feedstock for hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) applications. It discusses the major challenges that render biodiesel inefficient, including higher viscosity, lower energy content, higher nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions, lower engine speed and power, injector coking, engine compatibility, high cost, and greater engine wear. The novelty of this work

is that it shows that biodiesel conversion to green diesel is possible using a biowaste heterogeneous catalyst to obtain high quality and yield of HDRD at a low cost. This renewable energy (HDRD) possesses properties that are directly compatible with compression ignition engines and transportation engines. This research reviews biodiesel and used cooking oil as feedstocks for the production of HDRD, including the cost-benefit of these feedstocks. Hydrogenation of biodiesel has the potential to overcome the drawbacks of conventional chemically catalyzed processes.

Chapter 5, "Replacement of Diesel Fuel by DME in Compression Ignition Engines: Case for India," highlights decarbonizing of transport and industrial sectors of the economy as a necessity to stop or reverse global warming. Electrification of power trains is an effective way to decarbonize the transport sector. The use of batteries, fuel cells, hybrid topographies with smaller IC (Internal Combustion) engines, and the use of alternative fuels like methanol, ethanol, and DME (Dimethyl Ether or di-methyl ether ) in IC engines are some of the ways through which emission of greenhouse gases can be reduced or eliminated. DME is a single-molecule fuel-high cetane number that can be used as a drop-in fuel on the diesel engines albeit with retro-fitment of these engines with a new pressurized fuel system. DME with a chemical formula CH3-O-CH3 can be produced by different feedstocks such as coal, natural gas, biomass and bio-waste, and municipal solid waste. India has a large reserve of high-ash coal, which can be converted to DME without polluting the environment by the use of clean coal technologies.

Chapter 6, "Molecular Contribution of Fatty Acid Esters in Biodiesel Fueled CI Engines", examines the contribution of fatty acid ester (FAE) molecules in deciding the performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of their biodiesel in compression ignition engines. The chapter also discusses engine characteristics, emissions characteristics, and fuel properties as per ASTM standards.

Chapter 7, "Feasibility of Biodiesel Production in Pakistan", presents key solutions that address the country's serious energy issues. Pakistan's Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) has suggested introducing an energy mix to meet the increasing energy demand and fuel the economy. Renewable energy introduces unique environmentally friendly nature, constant supply, wider availability, and ease of integration into existing infrastructure. Biodiesel is considered the best and most easily accessible source of energy among all renewable energy resources. However, there is still substantial room for the development of renewable energies in Pakistan. This chapter examines the availability of biomass resources in Pakistan and their potential for meeting the country's rapidly growing energy demand, boosting the country's economy, and creating new employment in the future.

Chapter 8, "Zero Emission Hydrogen Fuelled Fuel Cell Vehicle and Advanced Strategy on Internal Combustion Engine: A Review", provides a comprehensive review of hydrogen as an alternative fuel and advanced strategies for internal combustion engines.

Chapter 9, "Performance and Emission Characteristics of Hydrogenation Derived Renewable Diesel as Diesel Engine Fuel," discusses ways of improving the performance of diesel engines as well as proposes mandates to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The chapter describes HDRD as a sustainable, reliable, and cost-effective alternative

to petroleum-based diesel (PBD) fuel for compression ignition (CI) engines. This may be because the physicochemical properties of HDRD are similar to that of PBD fuel. The chapter examines the performance and emission characteristics of HDRD in unmodified CI engines. Performance emissions characteristics such as power, torque, brake-specific fuel consumption, thermal efficiency, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, particulate matter, and exhaust gas temperature are examined and compared with that of PBD fuel in a CI engine. The results of this comparison show that HDRD is better than biodiesel and a sustainable replacement for PDB fuel to achieve improved performance and reduced emissions of CI engines.

Chapter 10, "Characteristics Analysis of Performance as Well as Emission of Elaeocarpus Ganitrus Additive Based Pumpkin and Juliflora Mixed Biodiesel Blend in CI Engine", discusses the use of (pumpkin) Cucurbita pepo. L and Prosopis juliflora seed oil for the synthesis of mixed biodiesel with 5ml Elaeocarpus ganitrus (rudraksha) as an additive. Performance tests were conducted using a biodiesel blend in a water-cooled CI engine and the emissions were analyzed using a five-gas analyzer. The chapter also contains an analysis of smoke opacity.

Chapter 11, "Bio-Circular Engine: Simultaneous and Successive Use of BioDiesel as Bio-Lubricant and Bio-Fuel in Diesel Engines-(B100) New Bio-Lubricant for all Engines", is dedicated to the system named "Bio-Circular Engine," framed within the so-called circular economy, for using a single substance (B100) for two different functions (as bio-fuel and as bio-lubricant).

Chapter 12, "Pressure Fluctuation Characteristics of High-Pressure Common Rail Fuel Injection System", discusses the dynamic pressure fluctuation characteristics of the high-pressure common rail fuel injection system based on the injector inlet pressure. It examines the pressure fluctuation mechanism and its influence law and provides theoretical support for improving the control accuracy of multiple injection cycle fuel injection volume.

This book is a useful resource for all those involved with engines, including energy engineers, fuel specialists, researchers, consultants, analysts, policymakers, and professionals in the industry supply chain. I would like to thank all the chapter authors for their excellent contributions. I also wish to thank the staff at IntechOpen, particularly Author Service Manager Maja Bozicevic for all her efforts in seeing to the book's timely completion.

> **Freddie L. Inambao** Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

**Chapter 1**

**Abstract**

**1. Introduction**

**1**

and technological processes.

performance have been exhausted.

Diesel Engines

Research and Innovation to

Improve the Efficiency of Modern

*Andriy Marchenko, Igor Parsadanov, Volodymyr Pylyov,*

Modern diesel engines are one of the main mobile energy sources and are characterized by a high degree of workflow completeness, design, and manufacturing technology. The chapter summarizes the authors' experience in improving diesel engines, increasing specific volume power, and reliability, ensuring a low level of environmental pollution emissions. The results of research using industry 4.0 technologies for systematization, choice of directions, and the search for rational ways to improve the efficiency of diesel engines are presented. The application of anergoexergy method for analyzing the efficiency of the working process of the engine and its systems is considered. Taking into consideration the operating conditions, technical solutions are proposed to improve the reliability of the most heat-stressed parts of high-powered engines. The possibilities for a comprehensive assessment of the fuel efficiency and environmental qualities of diesel engines have been expanded taking into account CO2 emissions when using traditional, alternative, and hybrid diesel fuel.

**Keywords:** fuel efficiency, toxic substances, power the reliability diesel engines alternative fuels, operation model, the anergo-exergy method, working processes,

Modern diesel engines are the main mobile energy sources, are widely used as stationary power plants, and are distinguished by a high degree of design, working,

The advantages of diesel engines are determined by the high level of fuel efficiency and reliability due to the high level of workflow, all systems, and components refining. But this does not mean that all reserves for further improvement of diesel engine

thermally stressed parts, the operating conditions

*Oleksandr Osetrov, Linkov Oleh, Serhii Kravchenko,*

*Anatolii Savchenko, Inna Rykova and Rasoul Aryan*

*Oleksandr Trynov, Denys Meshkov, Serhii Bilyk,*
