**2. Methodology and raw materials**

#### **2.1 Pumpkin seed and Juliflora seed oil**

Both the oils are not gladly accessible in the marketplace as there is no more viable making. The seeds of pumpkin and juliflora were procured and the oil drawing out was prepared in a laboratory.

**Figure 1a** and **b** represents the seeds of *Cucurbita pepo* and *Prosopis Juliflora*. The preparation of biodiesel from the pumpkin oil and juliflora oil were done unconnectedly using catalytic transesterification process. 15 g of KOH (6,1 ratio) [19] was added to pumpkin and juliflora oil followed by 200 ml of methanol. The mixture was maintained at 65–70°C for 1 h and then residues were allowed to settle down for 2 h in a titration setup [20]. After few hours the glycerin were separated from the biodiesel by

**Figure 1.** *Seeds of Raw materials (a) Cucurbita pepo seed (b) prosopis juliflora seed.*


#### **Table 1.**

*Physical properties of fuels and its blend.*

titration. The two different biodiesel namely pumpkin biodiesel and juliflora biodiesel, half a liter both were assorted to variety the mixed biodiesel. It was followed by stimulated well using magnetic stirrer at the range of 60–80°C temperature. Both the biodiesel are mixed in alike ratio of 50:50 vol. each, for the point of matching the calorific value of mixed biodiesel by way of diesel and also to meet up the average flash point of the diesel fuel. Pumpkin biodiesel has privileged flash point which guides to delayed firing of fuel during ignition, while juliflora biodiesel has minor flash point nearer to diesel and increase the possibility of easy and fast ignition of air fuel mixture. 50:50 combination of pumpkin and juliflora biodiesel blend is identified as PJ biodiesel. 5 ml Rudraksha bio additive was added to each sample to facilitate the combustion process as well as to reduce the emissions from the burnt fuel. It was denoted by R5. The, following blends with additives were prepared with the diesel fuel and mixed biodiesel fuels. 900 ml diesel and 100 ml PJ-biodiesel with 5 ml additive labeled PJB10 + R5, 800 ml diesel and 200 ml PJ-biodiesel with 5 ml additive labeled PJB20 + R5, 700 ml diesel and 300 ml PJ-biodiesel with 5 ml additive labeled PJB30 + R5, 600 ml diesel and 400 ml PJ-biodiesel with 5 ml additive labeled PJB40 + R5 and 500 ml diesel and 500 ml PJ-biodiesel with 5 ml additive labeled PJB50 + R5. **Table 1** represents the physical properties of diesel, PJ biodiesel and B20 blend with Rudraksha additive.

The properties of pumpkin biodiesel, juliflora biodiesel and the blends such as viscosity, density, calorific value, flash point and fire point were measured in the laboratory scale. The hydrometer was used to determine the density of the fuel samples. Viscosity was measured with red wood viscometer; bomb calorimeter was used to measure the calorific value of sample fuels and flash point, fire point apparatus was used to find the flash point and fire point for the sample fuels.

### **2.2 Experimental setup and experimental uncertainty analysis**

A single cylinder, 4-strokes, constant speed (1500 rpm) and water cooled CI engine whose compression ratio 17.5:1 with utmost power output of 5.2 kW was used to examine the performance and emission characteristics of mixed biodiesel. An eddy current dynamometer associates the load to the motor.

**Table 2** shows the test engine specifications in detail. The specific fuel consumption was determined using solenoid controller. The flywheel speed was measured using a non-contact type of sensor mounted up on the engine. The cooling water transmits the heat to the surrounding that was generated during the engine operation. The engine load were applied at different percentage such as 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100% (maximum load) and 120% (over load) by eddy current dynamometer. **Table 3** shows the specification of exhaust gas analyzer and smoke meter. **Figure 2** shows the schematic arrangement of KIRLOSKAR TV-1 test engine.

*Characteristics Analysis of Performance as Well as Emission of Elaeocarpus Ganitrus Additive… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102924*


#### **Table 2.**

*Specifications of the engine.*


#### **Table 3.**

*Specification of exhaust emission measuring equipment.*

Error and uncertainties occurs in the experimentation can come up from gadget selection, state, calibration, examination, environment, reading as well as test planning. Errors will crawl into all experimentations regardless of the care which is put forward. Uncertainty analysis is wanted to prove the accuracy of the untried results. Uncertainty analysis is conceded out using the procedure given by Holman (1994) and Moffat (1988). The uncertainty in brake power is 0.21% brake specific fuel consumption is 2.22% and brake thermal efficiency is 2.56%. The instruments used in the investigational study and their accuracy and uncertainty proportions are given in **Table 4**. The uncertainty of the entity measurements has been taken from the manufacturer's data sheet. Since the equipment is within the calibration validity period, it is predictable that the uncertainties of entity measurements are in agreement with the manufacturer's claim.

#### **Figure 2.**

*Schematic diagram of experimental setup.*


**Table 4.**

*Instruments and uncertainties.*
