**4.3 Hardware method**

The acquisition of the signal is done in retro diffusion, transmission and diffraction. The frequencies of measurements are performed at 1 MHz. Each transducer plays the role of a transmitter and a receiver. A transmitted signal is sent and

**Figure 2.** *Synoptic flow of our approach.*

*Automatic Noise Reduction in Ultrasonic Computed Tomography Image for Adult Bone Fracture… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101714*

diffracted on the object to be imaged, reaching the other seven receivers. There are three configurations per zone. The wave is transmitted, or back-propagated or diffracted as illustrated in Ref. [2].

#### **4.4 Software method**

Using an adult bone defect as depicted in **Figure 3 (a)**. We have a USCT noisy bone image in **Figure 3 (b)**. USCT image processing recognition is kept by the application of some algorithms such as the Haar wavelet transformation and the improved k-means, as depicted by the synoptic flow in **Figure 4**.

#### *4.4.1 Implemented Haar wavelet algorithm*


#### *4.4.1.1 Proposed k-means algorithm*

Our proposed k-means algorithm is described in **Figure 4**.

**Figure 3.**

*Ultrasonic bone tomography with USCT: (a) adult cortical bone defect (copyright/rights reserved, CNRS-LMA-Marseille), (b) USCT image defect.*

**Figure 4.** *Hybrıd algorithm combining k-means with Otsu method.*
