Non-Invasive Approach for Glucose Detection in Urine Quality Using Its Image Analysis

*Anton Yudhana, Liya Yusrina Sabila, Arsyad Cahya Subrata, Hendriana Helda Pratama and Muhammad Syahrul Akbar*

### **Abstract**

Human health can be detected through urine content, where metabolic waste in the body is excreted through urination. Glucose in the urine is caused by high levels of glucose in the blood, which can cause poor kidney function. This study aims to detect glucose in urine using non-invasive image analysis. The three measurement parameters in this research consist of Hue (H) is the color portion of the model that is expressed as a number from 0°C to 360, saturation (*S*) is the amount of gray in a particular color from 0% to 100%, and value/brightness (*V*) is the intensity of the color from 0% to 100%. Reagent strips for urinalysis with 10 variables are applied in this research, including glucose, bilirubin, ketone, specific gravity, blood, pH, protein, urobilinogen, nitrite, and leukocytes. All reading data from the system is sent to the monitor layer, which uses the python platform with the additional library Open-cv. The results obtained that the urine color is getting dimmer with the addition of 1 g of glucose in each test. This study was able to detect glucose in urine using image analysis.

**Keywords:** glucose detection, non-invasive, urine quality, image processing, Arduino microcontroller

### **1. Introduction**

Health is one of the important things that need to be maintained and considered. However, the pattern of human consumption of various types of food and beverages is often a major problem for individual health—especially the frequent habits of individuals when consuming food with glucose levels on an irregular basis. The composition of substances in urine varies depending on the type of food and water drunk [1]. One way to find out if the body is healthy can be done by detecting urine. Normal human urine consists of water, urea, uric acid, ammonia, creatinine, lactic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, chloride, and salt, under certain conditions, excess substances such as vitamin C, drugs [2, 3].

Glucose in the urine (called glucosuria) is a disease. If diabetes is accompanied by hyperglycemia (increased blood sugar levels), it can be diabetes mellitus (DM), pancreatic disease, central nervous system disease, severe metabolic disorders, or due to corticosteroid drugs, thiazides, oral contraceptives. Diabetes without hyperglycemia is found in situations of abnormal renal tubular function, pregnancy, sugar other than glucose in the urine, or eating lots of fruit.

The renal glucose threshold is in the range of 60–180 mg/dl, and the urine will immediately show a higher number than the glucose value. Therefore, if the positive value is reduced by one (+1), it is estimated that it will enter the range of 160–180 mg/ dl, two (+2) range of decrease in blood glucose estimated 180–250 mg/dl, three positive decreases (+3) estimated range of blood glucose 250–300 mg/dl, four positive range of decrease (+4) estimated range of blood glucose >300 mg/dl.

Urine can be used to diagnose several diseases such as diabetes, liver disease, kidney disease, and others. One of the causes of these diseases is high glucose levels [4–7]. Therefore, the need for early detection of glucose levels in the urine. There are many ways to detect glucose levels in the body in the medical field, including invasively, namely taking blood samples which are analyzed through clinical laboratory procedures. However, this method requires medical action by injuring the limbs using a syringe [8]. Then the second method is non-invasive, which is the opposite of the first method, namely, without any medical action to injure the human body. The non-invasive is an option that has not been widely supported by detector/technology that are devoted to detecting/analyzing glucose content, even if it is available on the market but requires a large purchase cost (high cost) [9–11].

Various studies have developed non-invasive methods for glucose detection with various target sites. Some of these studies include reverse iontophoresis and bioimpedance spectroscopy [12, 13] with target site is wrist skin, ultrasound, electromagnetic and heat capacity [14] with target site is ear lobe skin, near-infrared spectroscopy, and photoacoustic spectroscopy [15, 16] with target site is fingertip skin, Raman spectroscopy [17] with target site is fingertip skin, optical coherence tomography [18] with target site is skin, fluorescence technology [19] with target site is intravascular, and thermal emission spectroscopy [20] with target site is tympanic membrane.

The non-invasive method is recommended because it is carried out without medical action that injures the body. However, to overcome the problem of cost due to the large size of the equipment used, a device for detecting glucose in urine that is easy to move has been developed. This detector, which is designed in the form of a mobile detector, is specifically designed to analyze glucose content non-invasively through urine. This detector is in the form of a storage box that is easy to use without the need to be attached to a member of the body by utilizing a temperature sensor to detect glucose content through urine. The urine waste detector system uses infrared spectroscopy in real-time. From the claims of this study, it shows the difference from using a detector system, namely analyzing the signal-to-noise ratio from the input of the IR thermal sensor resulting from the reflection of light in the urine fluid. Therefore, the proposed research does not require light to detect the glucose content in urine.

A robust analysis is needed to obtain accurate results of glucose detection in urine. One of the analytical techniques that are often used is image analysis through image processing techniques. Urine strip test results can be detected using image processing techniques [21]. The results showed that the image quality of the system is quite low because the system uses a webcam that is experiencing interference. In addition, image processing techniques are used for glucose detection for accurate results [22]. Several studies have shown that image processing techniques can be recommended for various needs, such as monitoring the growth of corn sprouts, comparison of image segmentation, batik identification, and others [23–25]. The detector made in this study will be a solution to the shortage of existing detectors with image analysis.

*Non-Invasive Approach for Glucose Detection in Urine Quality Using Its Image Analysis DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104791*
