**2. Material and methods**

#### **2.1 Non-invasive glucose monitoring**

The detector will be known as a non-invasive glucose detector as an early diagnosis of glucose content as an alternative to conventional invasive glucose detectors. Technologies used for non-invasive glucose monitoring include optical, transdermal, and thermal techniques [26]. Non-invasive methods are highly sought after to replace traditional fingerprinting methods because they can facilitate continuous glucose monitoring. The research group has been working on developing practical and noninvasive glucose for decades. The challenges associated with non-invasive glucose monitoring are the many factors that contribute to inaccurate measurements [27].
