*2.5.4 Additional effects of climate change on animal and crop productivity*

Climate change, in conjunction with other forms of land use fosters the emergence of new diseases as it changes the structure of the ecosystems in relation to species composition and diversity in favour of livestock pathogens and vectors [28]. Similarly, the preponderance of diseases due to climate change occurs through tendencies of animals to migrate in masses, overgraze and congest around pastures, during times of droughts, a common phenomenon during this climate change era [3]. High rains on the other hand positively correlate with disease outbreaks in both livestock and crops. In field crops, diversity will be lost, and pathogens will rely on a few crop species, leading to increases in diseases such as leaf spots, root rots, blights, and cankers. In livestock production, apart from increases in internal and external parasites, diseases like dermatophytosis, anthrax and foot rot will rapidly occur and spread. This way, areas with limited disease occurrences may end up experiencing high crop and livestock disease occurrences. Changing international trade patterns, local animal and crop transportation, farm size and human migrations are all factors that may be driven in part by climate change, and which may impact negatively on disease transmission.
