**1. Introduction**

The whole earth's climate systems are changing in the atmosphere, the oceans, ice floes and on the land. Some of the changes such as increases in temperature, rise in carbon dioxide, drought and floods are already in motion now, while others like continued sea level rise are already irreversible for centuries to millennia ahead. The impact of climate change makes lives of both humans, animals, and plants unbearable. The main drivers of climate change are attributed on human activities in the following economic sectors, transport (road, air, rail, and sea), energy industries (electricity, heat, power) and agriculture [1]. Agriculture alone contributes to almost 32% of all greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change. Human population is increasing in the world and assuring an increase in demand for food, shelter, water, and clothing.

Africa is one of the world's most vulnerable regions due to the fragility of its economies. It is now evident that global warming in the 21st century will be more intense in Africa compared to the rest of the world [1, 2], Global warming and increased climate variability will severely affect crop and livestock production systems in Africa. Some of the harsh realities of climate change has been felt in Southern Africa in recent years but the worst scenarios of Storm Desmond (January 23, 2019, in central Mozambique), Cyclone Idai (March 14, 2019, in central Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Malawi and northern Madagascar) (Cyclone Idai: Wikipedia) and cyclone Kenneth (April 25, 2019). A total of 100,000 homes were destroyed and more than 1000 people were killed during the cyclones and storm. **Figure 1**. shows the areas that were affected by cyclone Idai in southern Africa while **Figure 2**. shows some of the damage done in Mozambique.

Villages, towns, infrastructure, cropped land were destroyed, and livestock died during the cyclone events. One in every five years, agricultural and ecological drought often affects most countries in southern Africa, sometimes leading to 100% crop failure depending on timing, intensity, and severity. Definition of drought varies with for different water users. Meteorological, Hydrological and Agricultural drought is a prolonged period with shortage of precipitation/below average precipitation, surface water or soil moisture. Climate change effects develop slow over time and their impact underestimated—negative impact on vegetation, animals, and people. Livestock and wild animals also suffer from crop and veld failure. The natural production of water (water cycle) is intensified by climate change and brings intense rainfall and associated flooding and intense drought in some regions. The rainfall patterns and distribution are affected. Significant economic (loss of employment, decreased agricultural and industrial production) and social disasters, such as famine, forced migration, and conflict over few remaining resources, health related- lack of water, poor nutrition and famine are some of the negative effects of drought.
