**3. Results and discussions**

#### **3.1 Microwave-vitrified matter**

The collected sludges were analyzed by XRD and the chemical analysis results show that high ferric oxide and ferrous sulfur, over 83% with 9% wet weight rate the rest was carbonate hydrates consisting mainly of sillimanite (ZnCO3H2O), Zn-cupric carbonates such as malachite FexZnyCuy CO3H2O, Zn-ferrous hydrate (Zn, Cu) FeSO4 H2O, gypsium (CaSO4 2H2O) and chalcanthite (CuS045H20). Their chemical oxide and hydrate distribution are given in **Tables 6** and **7**.

The mixed slime and sludge with Na silicate and Şırnak asphaltite briquettes comprised that below composition.

The chemical change irons in iron sulfates into the sludge contacted binder to salt phases easily melted by salt fluxing effect with Na silicate. However, sintering iron silicate and lead silicate melts occurred in the sludge vitrification end. The zinc and copper ferrite bounds to Na silicate melts present whisker style needle-like fillings in the briquette texture. The dominant spherical sludge lime hydrates and iron sulfates are not completely wetted by binder Na silicate causing weakness in the briquette


#### **Table 6.**

*The chemical analysis values of vitrification carbon mixture-filling materials: Şırnak asphaltite slime and lignite of lime sludge.*

*Microwave Vitrification of Hazardous Sludge by Şırnak Asphaltite Slime… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101888*


#### **Table 7.**

*The chemical analysis values of vitrification carbon mixture filling materials: Şırnak asphaltite slime and lignite of salty sludge.*

structure. The dissolved iron amount relatively changed to below 6% in final vitrified matter dissolution (**Figure 3**).

Gypsum is generally looks like lamella morphology, and frequently presents as plate layer formings adhering close to residual ferric iron oxide. The compacted briquette strength increased by binder addition of 15% till continued to 20% weight rate as illustrated in **Figure 4**.

#### **3.2 Acid digestion of vitrified matter**

Lead sulfate salts over lime hydrate surface in the vitrified matrix as solid is dissolved in 1 N HNO3 and 1 M H2SO4 solution on digestion bath of 100-ml flasks at 30-minute boiling period. The heavy metals such as Pb Zn and Fe hydroxides replace CaO until the solution reaches the composition expected for the equilibrium of FeSO4 nH2O /PbSO4 nH2O or ZnCO3 .n H2O/ CuCO3 .n H2O/CdCO3.n H2O.

Higher dissolved Cd/Zn in the effluent caused Zn carbonate precipitation in the sludge with iron sulfa-hydroxide. The surface solid of over lime was high oxidation potential, while solute concentrate of Fe was high for inhibiting precipitation as the second phase of the sorption process. This process involves mixed heavy metal precipitation followed by slow formation of microcrystalline dirty solids solute.

These tests also showed that microwave melting or sintering sludge mud in briquetted form provided much more heat effect on the sand matter with less amount of weight rate of 12% and highly reactive and dissolving Pb and iron amount reduced to 1 and 3.2 mg/l in the porosity of briquetted sludge at 16% in the vitrified matter dissolution.

**Figure 3.**

*The ash and Şırnak asphaltite slime RRS distribution regarding gradation factor in 0.45 sieve.*

#### **Figure 4.**

*The ash and Şırnak asphaltite slime RRS distribution regarding gradation factor in 0.45 sieve.*

Toxic intermediates may be sorped by char and shale clay may be generated precipitation heavy metals as organic complexes from barrier-integrity vitrification, effective silicate barriers and homogenous mixing with active carbon were found to be quite difficult due to surface wetting manner of carbon.

The microwave digestion with 1M acid hot solutions avoided disposal of hazardous sludge to landfill following decantation techniques in paste thickeners used

*Microwave Vitrification of Hazardous Sludge by Şırnak Asphaltite Slime… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101888*

flocculants, polyelectrolytes, chelants, inorganic acids or surfactants related to sludge particle size and type. The compaction porosity decreased by solvent use in compaction to 5 % under loading as shown in **Figure 5**.

The microwave vitrification of industrial waste slurries and hazardous sludge creates a safe working environment while absorbant fly ash is used. The neutralization of hazardous slurries with fly ash vitrification treatment needs just Na silicate as a binder at a 10% weight rate for hazardous sludge of the Mazıdağı Plant of more than 220,000 tons/year.

#### **3.3 Microwave dissolution of vitrified sludge**

This work was carried out a leaching method of hazardous sludges under microwave-radiated digestion of vitrified product briquette of Şırnak asphaltite and shale mixture for heavy metal sorption and reduction following vitrification. Şırnak fly ash, coal char and the shale may be used in vitrification as absorbant even improves low acidic digestion.

To evaluate the impact of shale on five different size fractions of the treatment with microwave and heated for 3 minutes at 500o C Sirnak shale samples, vitrified briquette dissolution and fe dissolution rate were determined as % the rate of vitrified matter as the efficiency of vitrification success by weight of briquette.

Dissolved Fe concentrates of sludges in the microwave interaction are illustrated in **Figure 6** as the Şırnak asphaltite slime and wood char from below 0.5 mm size fraction was observed.

The compaction of sludge at 15% wetness is becoming advantageous as mentioned below:


#### **Figure 5.**

*The optimum binder porosity of compost by increased solvent use as volume weight of the briquette containing 1% kerosene.*

#### **Figure 6.**

*The dissolution of Fe and Pb content-maximum ppm at 1L volume effluent, 10g weight of the briquette sample containing 15 solid rate digestions.*


Oxide melting ability was so effective in metal silicate formation manner. The lower-temperature activities of metal salts also improve melted metal silicate crystallization as efficient criteria in the vitrification hazard glazing of sludge grains including certain salt content. The oxidation and digestion effect of vitrified sludge briquette in nitric acid solution is seen in **Figure 6**.

As seen in **Figure 6**, the 5 N HNO3 solutions show the contamination change, high level precipitated suspensions obtained using the precipitation-siphoning technique, depending on the salt concentration added at 10 g-100 mg.
