**6. Conclusion and recommendations**

Heavy metals are found naturally throughout the earth's crust, anthropogenic activities such as mining and smelting, industrial production and use, and domestic and agricultural use of metals and metal-containing compounds cause environmental contamination and human exposure. Physical parameters such as temperature, phase association, adsorption, and sequestration influence their bioavailability. Metals such as Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Zn have been identified as crucial nutrients necessary
