**2.1 Synthesis methods**

BFO nanoparticles Synthesis is one of the fascinating areas of study because of its technological relevance [11]. Due to the extensive development of nano-BFOs, further research is needed to determine the best ways to make high-quality BFO nanoparticles in purity, shape, size, size distribution, stability, and particle morphology [12]. Currently, the synthesis of BFO nanoparticles has been reported using several methods such as solid-state [13], ferrite precursor [14], hydrothermal [15], sol-gel [16], and co-precipitation [17]. To date, however, there is no established method for nano BFO synthesis, and all of these synthetic methods have their advantages and disadvantages. To date, two different methods have been developed to integrate nano-BFO; another way of going down, which means to combine nanoparticles from atoms or molecules by assembling smaller ones into larger ones; another way of going up and down, which means splitting, recording, or filming a thin film or bulk material into nano sizes like significant cuts into smaller ones. The "bottom-up "method has several integration techniques: co-precipitation, thermal decomposition, hydrothermal, sol-gel, solvothermal, flame spray pyrolysis, sonochemical, vapor deposition, and microwave-assisted microemulsion, and polyol routes, the first four of which are very crowded. Although mechanical grinding and pulsed laser ablation are the most widely accepted "top-down" methods combined. Among these synthetic methods, modified polyol, sonochemical, and microwave irradiation are the most widely used methods in the modern era in synthesizing a variety of nano BFO. These integration methods
