Meet the editors

Dr. Stawicki is a Professor of Surgery and chair of the Department of Research & Innovation, St. Luke's University Health Network, Pennsylvania. A specialist in trauma, general surgery, and surgical critical care, he co-authored more than 670 scholarly works, including more than 25 books. In addition to national and international medical leadership roles, Dr. Stawicki is a member of numerous editorial boards and grant evaluation/

review bodies. His areas of expertise include health security, medical innovation, blockchain technology, medical education, patient safety, academic leadership, mentorship, trauma/critical care, and sonography.

Ricardo Izurieta, MD, DrPH, MPH, is a professor and the director of global communicable diseases at the College of Public Health and director of the Public Health Scholar Concentration, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida. Dr. Izurieta received his MD from the Central University of Ecuador and after graduation, carried out his postdoctoral training in public health and tropical infectious diseases at the University of

Alabama at Birmingham, Emory University, Georgia, and Universidad Cayetano Heredia, Peru. In 1991, he faced the cholera epidemic that spread through Latin American countries as national director of the Cholera Control Program in the Ministry of Public Health of Ecuador. In 1997, he was appointed chief of the Department of Epidemiology and director of The Vaccine Center of the Armed Forces of Ecuador. During his studies, he has been a USAID Thomas Jefferson Fellow, a PAHO Research Fellow, an ORISE/CDC Fellow, a Gorgas Memorial Institute Fellow, and a FUNDA-CYT Fellow. In 2003, Dr. Izurieta was elected vice president of the Gorgas Memorial Institute of Tropical and Preventive Medicine and currently he is its Latin American liaison. He has been a panel reviewer for the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and National Science Foundation (NSF), Wellcome Foundation, and served on the ACAIM Taskforce on International Health Security, consultant for the United Nations Global Water Pathogens Project as well as for the United Kingdom and the Brazilian Academies of Sciences.

Michael S. Firstenberg, MD, FACC, FAIM, is a board-certified thoracic surgeon practicing adult cardiac surgery at The Medical Center of Aurora, Colorado, where he serves as chief of cardiothoracic and vascular surgery. He currently holds adjunct appointments in the Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies at Northeast Ohio Medical University and serves on the teaching faculty at Rocky Vista University, Colorado. He attended

Case Western Reserve University Medical School, received his general surgery training at university hospitals in Cleveland, and completed a fellowship in thoracic surgery at Ohio State University. He also obtained advanced training in heart failure surgical therapies at the Cleveland Clinic. He is an active member of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS), American Association of Thoracic Surgeons (AATS), American College of Cardiology (ACC), and American College of Academic International Medicine (ACAIM), the latter for which he is a founding fellow and current president-elect. He currently serves as chair of the American College of Cardiology Credentialing and Member Services Committee as well as an active member of several other national society committees. He is the author of more than 200 peer-reviewed manuscripts, abstracts, and book chapters. He has edited several textbooks on subjects such as medical leadership, patient safety, endocarditis, and extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation, all of which include topics that he has lectured on worldwide.

Sagar C. Galwankar, MBBS, DNB, MPH, MBA, FAAEM, FAIM, graduated from Pune University, India, as an allopathic physician in 1995. He is residency trained and board certified in internal medicine and emergency medicine in India and the United States, respectively. He has been awarded the prestigious fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians, UK, and has completed an MPH and MBA in the United States. His academic leadership

Contents

**Section 1**

**Section 2**

*and Sagar C. Galwankar*

in Pregnant Women

*and Estelita Lima Cândido*

on the Health of Offspring

*and Marcelo Borges Cavalcante*

**Preface XI**

Introduction **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

COVID-19 **9**

**Chapter 2 11**

**Chapter 3 25**

**Chapter 4 37**

Introductory Chapter: Transitioning International Health Security

*by Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Ricardo Izurieta, Michael S. Firstenberg* 

Analysis of the Factors That Influence the Clinical Outcome of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Caused by SARS-CoV-2

*by Yuri de Sousa Cavalcante, Nicolly Castelo Branco Chaves, Jorge Lucas de Sousa Moreira, Samuel de Sá Barreto Lima, Maryana Martins de Freitas, Jucier Gonçalves Júnior* 

Perinatal COVID-19 Pandemic: Short- and Long-Term Impacts

Toxic Stress Affecting Families and Children during the COVID-19

Pandemic: A Global Mental Health Crisis and an Emerging

*by Laura Czulada, Kevin M. Kover, Gabrielle Gracias, Kushee-Nidhi Kumar, Shanaya Desai, Stanislaw P. Stawicki,* 

*Kimberly Costello and Laurel Erickson-Parsons*

*by Ana Nery Melo Cavalcante, Ana Raquel Jucá Parente, Rosa Lívia Freitas de Almeida, Denise Nunes Oliveira,* 

*Candice Torres de Melo Bezerra Cavalcante* 

International Health Security Threat

Focus from COVID-19 Pandemic to Climate Change

over the last two decades has led to the creation of organizations and the publication of landmark scientific papers. He has received innumerable commendations, citations, and honors for his work that has impacted academic medicine globally. He has spearheaded the founding and building of internationally recognized interdisciplinary indexed journals. Dr. Galwankar is the CEO of INDUSEM, which has played a defining role in the development of academic emergency medicine in India. Additionally, he leads the World Academic Council of Emergency Medicine (WACEM) and serves as the global executive director for the American College of Academic International Medicine (ACAIM). Currently, Dr. Galwankar is the founding director for research in emergency medicine at Florida State University (FSU) and serves as a core faculty for the FSU Emergency Medicine Residency Program at Sarasota Memorial Hospital.
