**2.4 Aquaponics**

Growing plant without soil: The demands to increase food production expand, and as the stresses on resources such as water, land, and nutrients become more significant when the world's population grows. There is an urgent need to find alternative, sustainable, and reliable methods to provide this food [7, 8]. The current strategies for supplying more produce are neither ecologically sound nor address the issues of the circular economy of reducing waste while meeting the WHO's Millennium Development Goals of zero hunger and poverty by 2015 [9]. Aquaponics is an aquaculture and hydroponics technology integration provides to reset the solution. Aquaponics has been identified as a farming approach that, through nutrient and waste recycling, can aid in addressing both planetary boundaries and sustainable development goals, particularly for arid regions or areas with nonarable soils [1, 10, 11]. Due to aquaponics technology needing
