*The Effects of Different Substrates with Chemical and Organic Fertilizer Applications… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102345*

other substrates. However, zeolite, cocopeat, and Z + C (1:1) for Na, Cocopeat, and Z + C (1:1) for Fe, and zeolite for Zn concentrations gave higher values than the other applications. Phosphorus, Mg, Fe in Hoagland; K in Hoagland A; calcium, Na, and Mn in Hoagland and Hoagland A, and zinc in OLWF fertilizers were recorded have higher concentrations than those of the others.


Macrominerals presented in **Table 3** determined that the potassium contents of berries were higher than those of the others, ranging from 234 mg 100 g−1 for Z + C

*x Z + C: Zeolite+Cocopeat, OLWF: Organic liquid worm fertilizer,*

*y Mean separation within columns by LSD multiple range test at 0.05 level.*

#### **Table 3.**

*The effect of different substrates and nutrient solution applications on the level of macro elements in berries.*

(1:1) substrate and 186 mg 100 g−1 for OLWF fertilizer. Followed calcium content of grapes was found between 51 mg 100 g−1 for Z + C (1:1) substrate and 40 mg 100 g−1 for OLWF fertilizer. Among the macroelements, sodium gave the lowest amount.

Considering trace elements, the highest iron content (0.362 mg 100 g−1) is obtained from Z + C (1:1), whereas the lowest level of iron (0.255 mg 100 g−1) was found in zeolite. The zinc content of grape berries was in the range of 0.299 and 0.184 mg 100 g−1, whereas the manganese content of grape berries was in the range of 0.235–0.178 mg 100 g−1. Cupper and boron microminerals varied between 0.147 and 0.105 and 0.481 and 0.329 mg 100 g−1, respectively. The substrate × fertilizer interaction was significant for all elements except Cu and B (**Tables 3** and **4**).

In the study by Abdrabba and Hussein [35], calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, and iron values were determined as 120, 31, 154, 39, and 5 mg 100 g−1 as the average of pulp, seed, and peel, respectively, and these minerals useful for the human body have been deemed necessary.

Similarly, the values given in Kral et al. [59] for Ca, K, Mg, Na, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn; in Cantürk et al. [60] for Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, Cu, Fe, Mn, B, and Zn; in Abdrabba and Hussein [35] for Ca, K, Mg, P, and Fe; in Anonymous [61] for Ca, K, Mg, Na, and Fe; in Olsen and Ware [62] for Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, Fe, Mn, B, and Zn were found to be quite close to the values given in **Table 3** for the specified elements.

For this reason, it was concluded that there were no significant losses in terms of mineral levels of grapes grown under soilless culture conditions.

Vitamins, like minerals, are micronutrients that play an essential role in fulfilling metabolic functions, producing new cells, and repairing damaged cells.

There were found significant differences among substrates and fertilizers in terms of vitamin contents of berries analyzed in the study. The higher vitamin A, B1, B2, B6, and C values were analyzed in berries of plants grown in Z + C (1:1) substrate mix and berries of applications using Hoagland solution (**Table 5**). The higher values obtained from vitamin A, B1, B2, B6, and C were 39.21, 65.12, 167.06, 95.19, and 15.21 mg 100 g−1, respectively. The substrate × fertilizer interaction was significant for all vitamins examined (**Table 5**).

According to the Bourre [63] and Key et al. [28], nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and amino acids play a crucial role in ensuring proper brain function. Vitamins protect against inflammation and reactive oxidative species. Minerals function as cofactors for enzymes, prevent lipid peroxidation, and promote energy production. Amino acids serve as precursors to neurotransmitters and neuromodulator metabolites responsible for various functions related to attention, mood, arousal, and memory.

Most vitamins and microelements have been studied concerning brain functioning. For example, it has been reported by Bourre [63] that the use of glucose for energy production occurs in the presence of vitamin B1. This vitamin regulates cognitive performance, especially in the elderly. It has been reported that vitamin B6 is beneficial in treating premenstrual depression. Vitamins B6 and B12, among others, are directly involved in synthesizing certain neurotransmitters. Vitamin B12 delays the onset of signs of dementia and blood abnormalities when administered at an appropriate time before the first symptoms.

Emphasizing the importance of mineral nutrients for healthy brain aging, Key et al. [28] stated in their results that a nutrient regime containing macro- and micronutrients softens the effect of brain structure on cognitive function in old age and supports the effectiveness of interdisciplinary methods in nutritional cognitive neuroscience for a healthy brain. In the article of Çetin et al. [64], different researchers reported

