**1. Introduction**

Grapes (*Vitis vinifera* L.) are the most produced fruit in the world. The total grape area and its production globally are 7.4 million ha and 77.8 million tons, respectively, in 2018 [1]. About 36% of the total is consumed for fresh, 7% for dried, and 57% for winemaking. Five countries represent 50% of the world's vineyards. Turkey is in the fifth position in vineyard areas in the world in 2018 with a total surface of 448,000 ha, after Spain, China, France, and Italy. It is the sixth in total grape

production (3.9 million tons) among the major grape producers that after China, Italy, USA, Spain, and France; fourth in table grapes (2.2 million tons, 56.1%), and first in dried grape production (396,825 tons, 40.7%), about fortieth in wine grape production among the grape-growing countries. In Turkey, the grapes used for winemaking are 124,800 tons (3.2%) [1].

Soilless culture techniques are primarily applied in ornamental plants and vegetables in the world and Turkey [2, 3]. In recent years, this technique is also used to overcome some problems due to its various advantages in grape cultivation [2, 4–6]. No need for tillage and soil preparation, protection from soil pathogens, effective use of water and nutrient solutions, reduction of spraying, obtaining more quantity and quality products per unit area, production of new or traditional grape varieties in a more extended period according to market demands, and control of harvest time are among some advantages of soilless cultivation [2, 4, 7].

In the world and Turkey, when it is considered together with the cultivation of greenhouse grapes for early grape ripening or late harvest, grape cultivation in soilless culture is considered an important cultivation method due to its advantages. This technique may be used for both early- and late-maturing grape varieties. According to our current information, no producer grows grapes commercially in soilless culture in Turkey. Studies on the subject are still carried out in horticulture departments of some agriculture faculties and viticulture research institutes.

Depending on the research purposes, different varieties, substrate mixtures, containers and nutrient solutions [2, 4, 7–15] were used in the grape cultivation experiments in the soilless culture system.

In the studies conducted by Tangolar et al. [6], the effect of substrates on the grape yield and quality of the berries in vines grown in the open and under the greenhouse was determined. The study that examined the yield, cluster, and berry properties of Early Sweet variety determined that perlite:peat (2:1) and cocopeat substrates gave better results. Tangolar et al. [16] also researched Early Sweet and Trakya Ilkeren cultivars to determine the effects of three different media, namely perlite:peat (2:1), cocopeat and pumice, and two different modified Hoagland nutrient solutions on shoot diameter as well as the nutrient element and chlorophyll levels of the leaves and grape yield and quality characteristics. The study found a significant difference between media and nutrient solution application for some characteristics examined.

Achieving a good quality in grapes is an essential goal wherever it is grown; one of the important components that make up the quality is the phytochemical content of the berries. Grapes contain a number of phytochemicals beneficial for human health, as well as amino acids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals [17–26]. So, berries are efficiently used to increase the nutritional and energy value of the human diet.

Some studies [27] have shown that magnesium, calcium, zinc, and vitamins such as B and C are related to people's cognitive performance. Clinical findings have revealed that extreme deficiencies of one or more of these nutrients are not uncommon, even in developed countries. These deficiencies may affect cognitive performance, especially in vulnerable groups such as the elderly and those exposed to occupational pressures and difficult living conditions.

Key et al. [28] noted that dietary science is increasingly recognized for its ability to prevent and support disease prevention and new technologies and therapies to improve modern medical practice. Researchers noted that dietary studies help discover specific dietary patterns that promote healthy brain aging and moderate the involvement of nervous systems known to facilitate cognitive performance in later life [28].

*The Effects of Different Substrates with Chemical and Organic Fertilizer Applications… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102345*

The composition of grape berries in different grape cultivars grown open field is affected by different factors such as variety, stress conditions, biostimulants, irrigation, fertigation, pruning, and others [26, 29–49].

In spite of this, the studies conducted in the world and Turkey found no study of the effects of the different substrates and nutrition solutions on the biochemical content of berries obtained from varieties grown in soilless culture. So, this subject is thought to have not been sufficiently investigated yet.

Because of these, it has been seen beneficial to examine the effects of substrates and nutrition solutions on the biochemical contents, which are essential for human health. Therefore, this study was designated to evaluate the amino acid, mineral, and vitamin content of berries from Early Cardinal table grape cultivar grown in different soilless culture medium and plant nutrient solutions.
