**4.1 Material balance**

### *4.1.1 Raw materials for media preparation*

Sucrose, solution of iron chelate, macronutrients, micronutrients, vitamins, Kinetin, 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and distilled water.

1.**Sucrose** is a non-reducing disaccharide made of glucose and fructose linked via their anomeric carbons. It is a disaccharide formed by glucose and fructose units joined by an acetal oxygen bridge from the hemiacetal of glucose to the hemiketal of the fructose. It plays a role as an osmolyte, a sweetening agent, a human metabolite, an algal metabolite, a *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* metabolite, and an *Escherichia coli* metabolite. It is obtained commercially from sugarcane, sugar beet (*Beta vulgaris*), and other plants and is used extensively as a food and a

sweetener. The molecular formula of sucrose is **C12H22O11,** and the molecular weight is **342.3 g/mol**.


**Stage 1: Preparation of Culture media.**

*Obtaining Cell Cultures of Medicinal Plants DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104650*

The nutrient medium for growing chicory callus was 1 liter, which contained 30 g sucrose, 5 ml iron chelate solution, 50 ml macronutrient, 1 ml vitamins, 1 ml kinetin, 1 ml dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2.5 ml 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA).

#### **Stage 2: Autoclaving.**

The plant culture media was autoclaved at 1210 C.
