*The Effects of Different Substrates with Chemical and Organic Fertilizer Applications… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102345*

In the study, the effects of applications on 20 amino acids in grapes were evaluated. For all amino acids examined in **Table 5**, the differences between treatments were statistically significant. The highest values were found from Z + C (1:1) application in 14 amino acids (**Table 6**), namely aspartate, glutamate, proline, arginine, glutamine, histidine, alanine, cystine, methionine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine, and lysine. In Z + C (1:1), Z + C (1:2), and cocopeat applications for valine; in Z + C (1:1) and zeolite for serine; and in cocopeat and Z + C (1:2) applications for glycine were the highest values. Apart from these, the highest tyrosine and asparagine in Zeolite were detected. Among nutrient solutions, Hoagland for aspartate, glutamate, alanine, and phenylalanine amino acids; Hoagland and Hoagland A for proline, arginine, glutamine, tyrosine, methionine, tryptophan, isoleucine, and leucine; Hoagland and OLWF nutrient solutions for histidine; Hoagland A for glycine, thionine, cystine, valine, lysine, asparagine and serine amino




Z + C (1:1) × Hoagland 7999 a 15,692 a 16,718 a 14,686 b 22,072 b

*The Effects of Different Substrates with Chemical and Organic Fertilizer Applications… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102345*


*Z + C: Zeolite+Cocopeat, OLWF: organic liquid worm fertilizer.*

*y Mean separation within columns by LSD multiple range test at 0.05 level.*

#### **Table 6.**

*The effect of different substrate and nutrient solution applications on amino acid content (μg kg−1) of Early Cardinal berries.*

acids gave the highest values. As can be seen in **Table 6**, substrate × fertilizer interaction was found to be significant for all amino acids.

Proline is reported in many works of literature as an amino acid whose synthesis is increased, especially under abiotic stress conditions such as drought [43, 71]. For this reason, we evaluated that the high increase in proline amino acid in Hoagland A and Hoagland nutrient solutions may be due to the lower amounts of some macro- (N) and microelements (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe) in these solutions compared with OLWF nutrient solution (**Table 1**). Anjum et al. [72], Liang et al. [73], and Arabshahi and Mobasser [74] indicated that sensitive plants are less able to accumulate solutes, but increases in proline can be found in most organisms (including animals) following water stress [25, 43].

According to the Huang and Ough [29], Canoura et al. [43], Bouzas-Cid et al. [36, 47–49], Sánchez-Gómez et al. [41], Gutiérrez-Gamboa et al. [26, 42, 45, 46], Fernández-Novales et al. [75], and Wu et al. [44], amino acid contents of grape berries are affected by different variety, rootstock, location and fertilization, etc., viticultural practices. For instance, in the study by Gutiérrez-Gamboa et al. [26], the effect of foliar application of a seaweed extract to a Tempranillo Blanco variety on must and wine amino acids and ammonium content was determined. The results suggested that Tempranillo Blanco behaved as an arginine accumulator variety. Biostimulation after seaweed applications at a high dosage to the grapevines increased the concentration of several amino acids in the 2017 season while scarcely affecting their content in 2018.

In the another research by Gutiérrez-Gamboa et al. [46], results showed that of some elicitors and nitrogen foliar applications to Garnacha and Tempranillo grapevines decreased the must amino acid concentration. The treatments applied to Graciano grapevines affected the grape amino acid content. According to the percentage of variance attributable, the variety had a higher effect on the must amino acid composition than the treatments and their interaction. In the study by Fernández-Novales et al. [75], researchers have investigated the use of visible and near-infrared spectroscopy to estimate the grape amino acid content on whole berries of Grenache grape variety. Amino acid values ranged between 0.01 mg L−1 (Leucine) and 341 mg L−1 (Arginine). In their results, amino acid values obtained in our study varied from 1526 μg kg−1 (valine in zeolite) to 42,880 μg kg−1 (arginine in Z + C (1:1)).

These values were close to the values of valine (1.07 mg L−1) given by Fernández-Novales et al. [75] for Grenache and arginine (38.44–89.60 mg L−1) given by Valdes

*The Effects of Different Substrates with Chemical and Organic Fertilizer Applications… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102345*

et al. [76] for Tempranillo berries. Arginine and proline amino acids were recorded as the most abundant amino acids in all media and nutrient solutions used in our experiment; valine, glycine, and tyrosine were determined as the amino acids with the lowest values. These results agree with Fernández Novales et al. [75] and Valdes et al. [76] that arginine and proline were also reported as the most abundant amino acids, both of the researches.

From the above statements, it has been concluded that grapes grown in soilless culture will not encounter a significant nutrient loss in terms of amino acids examined in this study. In our study, it has been evaluated that the Z + C (1:1) mixture substrate, which has the higher values for 14 amino acids, including proline as well as arginine, is remarkable in terms of nutrient saving.
