**8. Management and mitigation of acrylamide and its by-product wastes**

In many countries, the current standard for ACR concentration in drinking water is 0.25 g/litre. It is advised to maintain the level of ACR monomer at 0.05 percent in PAM used in wastewater treatment. A wide range of microbes can degrade ACR, but there exists a latent period before this occurs. However, in regions with low microbial activity, ACR may remain in the environment for days, weeks or even months. ACR contamination also occurs during sewage treatment. This can be mitigated by chemically decontaminating ACR containing effluents [87]. The limitation set by Food and Drug Administration is of 0.2 percent (2 g/kg) monomer in PAM for use in paper or food or cardboard. In the Federal Republic of Germany, the amount of PAM in packaged foods is regulated to 0.3 percent (3 g/kg) and the amount of residual ACR monomer is limited to 0.2 percent (2 g/kg). Various methods such as addition of divalent cations, replacement of reducing sugars with sucrose or addition of organic acids, addition of calcium salts, using glycine to dilute the asparagine level, reduction in the free asparagine concentration by asparaginase or substitution of ammonium salts with baking powder, are suggested in recent years to mitigate the formation of ACR in heat processed foods [87].

The study by [88] showed a decline in ACR content in baked corn chips and French fries by pre-treating the potato cuts with citric acid solution prior to frying. The citric acid solution was able to lower the pH and leach out the asparagine and reduce sugar from the potato cuts. Aiswarya and Baskar [89] showed that the pretreatment of potato with asparaginase prior to frying was effective in reducing the ACR content in fried potato chips. The effects of NaCl and citric acid combined with asparaginase was also studied and it was found that the use of NaCl + asparaginase and citric acid + asparaginase was effective in reducing ACR levels. To prevent workers from absorbing more than 0.012 mg/kg body weight per day during their occupational exposure, preventive measures such as enclosing production activities and wearing protective garments should be implemented. In the workroom, the concentration of ACR in the air should not exceed 0.1 mg/m3. To avoid inhaling ACR, ventilated face masks can be worn. It's likely that the underlying neurological disease and/or the administration of neuroactive treatments modify human sensitivity to ACR, but no particular recommendations could be given until there is evidence [87].
