**2.3 Experimental pasting melted asphalt content calculation**

The gradation factors and formula is the oldest McKessen - Fricstad formula for calculating asphalt content. The proposed binder addition amount is determined by the formula given below for asphalt bitumen bound aggregate composts [11, 12].

*Hazardous Waste Granule Composting by Cycled Retort Using Microwave Radiated… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101676*

**Figure 2.**

*All of the base and bottom base layers without binders are weighted by bituminous hot mixtures.*

**Figure 3.** *Changes in Gaudin-Schumann particle size distribution of paste filler material.*

$$p = 0, \mathbf{0} \mathbf{1} \mathbf{5} \, P + \mathbf{0}, \mathbf{4} \, \mathbf{S} + \mathbf{0}, \mathbf{2} \, F$$

P: Binder content in% by weight of aggregate a:% of aggregate remaining on sieve No 10.

S: 1% by weight of aggregate remaining between sieves No. 10 and 200.

F: % by weight of the aggregate passing through the sieve No.200.

The amphoric formula is commonly used in the gradation calculation of the compacting paving rock with asphalt. The bitumen content in asphaltic mixtures was determined by the following correlation.

$$\text{SI} = k \text{ y } \sqrt[n]{\mathbf{0}, \mathbf{0} \mathbf{1} \mathbf{5}} \text{ C} + \mathbf{0}, \mathbf{4} \text{ S} + \mathbf{0}, \mathbf{3} \text{ P}$$

P: Asphalt content of % by weight of aggregate specific gravity of aggregate distribution factor α = 2.65/γ

$$a = 0, 015\,n + 0, 4\,F$$

γ: Aggregate specific gravity.

k: Aggregate wealth module (3 to 3.5 coefficient).

F: Aggregate fine content %.

S: specific surface area of aggregate (m<sup>2</sup> /kg).

Total Shear strength = 0.25G + 2.3P + 12SI + I35F.

G:% by weight of aggregates greater than 6.3 mm.

S:% by weight of the aggregates remaining between 6.3 mm–0.315 mm (# 50).

As it is seen in both experimental methods and empirical relations, an important factor affecting asphalt content is the aggregate gradation used to determine the asphalt content in asphaltic mixtures. The effect of aggregate gradation on the asphalt content was investigated in three parts. In the first part, binding contents of binder and wear layers aggregate gradations were found. In the second part, we investigated how aggregates passing through screens 1/2 ", 4, and 8 affect the contents of the binder.

The asphalt contents required for the lower and upper limits of the compost gradations are illustrated in **Figure 2** using the ASTM standards [14]. In **Figure 2**, the aggregate gradation for road pavement requiring at least asphalt content for the binder layer is the lower limit of type 3 providing high stability strength under layer. The upper limit of type 2 is within the upper limits providing high wear resistivity on the road pavement. For the ductility, it is type 1, which requires the medium binding content among the lower and upper limits of gradation.

#### **2.4 Los Angeles values**

The standard abrasion criteria of aggregates are determined by standard tumbling tests giving values of shattering by water and tumbling act [15]. The Şırnak asphaltite, shale, and char show low durability values in Los Angeles values among 40–55%. Regarding grain size of limestone aggregates, the compost properties are given in **Table 6**.

#### **2.5 Microwave melted, compacted/briquetted Sludges**

Stability is a significant parameter of compost impermeability for sludge paste avoiding contact with water sources in the landfill. The lowest asphalt binder at 3.5–4% weight rate in the compost increase the wear resistivity and stability high enough to resist compaction loads and contact to potential water seepages.

*Hazardous Waste Granule Composting by Cycled Retort Using Microwave Radiated… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101676*


#### **Table 6.**

*The physical parameters of Şırnak limestone in paste compost.*

However, very high stability means a very hard pasting mixture even a high amount of fine fillers for sludge pasting was required. On the other side ductility and durability decrease for the pastes by a high amount of thermal or stress cracking. The microwave heating provides the low asphalt content use in pasting and even easier compacting in this study. Although the asphalt leak of 0.1% occurred in the tests gasoil was used emulsification of asphalt due to reducing heterogeneous mixing and easy wetting. The high compaction of sludge and use of fly ash at 20–25% volume rate increased compaction ability and reduced the permeability. The permeability of sludge compost shows the resistance of the asphalt coating to the passage of air or water.

The permeability over 10<sup>9</sup> D is wished from waste pastes to avoid the hazardous effect of sludge contamination to the soil or water sources.

The impermeability is determined by the percentage of air voids in the mixture of low asphalt percentage and high voids in the design make the layer highly permeable.

By the way of microwave radiation at 10 minutes period increased compaction load to 1500 kg with 20 mm shear compaction distance in the barrel of 70 mm diameter of test mold. The followed process in sludge pasting is illustrated in **Figure 4**.

#### **Figure 4.**

*Microwave experimentation flowsheet for sludge pasting with asphalt.*
