**4.6 Ecological engineering**

The technique entails using ecological and environmental engineering expertise to create and monitor a sustainable ecosystem or biological system that benefits both humans and the environment. **Table 1** and **Figure 4** illustrate how to apply ecological engineering in a way that is more beneficial to humanity while maintaining the natural balance. Nevertheless, the majority of these technologies are typically designed with the following objectives in mind: (i) conservation, (ii) ecosystem restoration,


#### **Table 1.**

*Application of ecological engineering approach for terrestrial and aquatic systems.*

#### **Figure 4.**

*Graphical representation of ecological engineering application to balance the ecosystem.*

(iii) expanding ecological systems to the quantity, quality, and maintainability of their production, and (iv) assembling new ecological systems that would provide routine types of assistance [16, 39, 76, 77, 80].
