**3.1 General concept of HCW management**

The purposes of solid waste management (SWM) are similar, whether addressing hazardous, infectious, or even general municipal waste; three themes are prominent; management, treatment, and waste minimization [20]. The management of HCW requires analysis and active control from generation to final disposal. Hazardous or infectious HCW should be appropriately treated before disposal to eliminate its hazard risks. Waste minimization or reduction is undoubtedly the most desirable goal of solid waste management, which is the same in HCW management, where 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) are key approaches after segregation at source and appropriate treatment of hazardous infectious components (**Figure 5**).
