**4.5 Nano-biotechnology for bioremediation**

The use of nanomaterials is extensively gaining attention for components remediation of heavy metals and recovery of valuable via nanotechnology [8, 34]. Conversely, nanobioremediation, which employs nanoparticles to stimulate microbial activity to clear hazardous chemicals from groundwater and soil [14, 17]. Not only can this nanotechnology greatly cut the cost of cleaning contaminated regions, but it also significantly shortens the procedure's duration. Metal chelating polymers require damaging solvents for mixing and ultrafiltration for division, which can be avoided by inventing metal limiting substances that can be reclaimed by adjusting their pH, temperature, or form, among other parameters [13, 19, 20]. One of the materials is nanoscale modified biopolymers, produced by microorganisms' intrinsic and protein structure, and whose size can be adjusted at the subatomic level [13]. For instance, polymers and magnetosomes are fabricated proteins for the remediation of infections, *Deinococcus radiodurans*, a radioactive-safe form of life, can resist radiation well past the naturally prevailing levels [13, 34, 37]. This is mostly used in radioactive

waste remediation activities financed by the USA Division of Energy (DOE) [34, 38]. This technology seems to be very promising to address the rising concerns about heavy metals and other emerging contaminants in the aquatic environment.
