**2.2 Measurement of zeta potential (**ζ**)**

In the zeta potential measurement, the Anton Paar Lite sizer 500 equipment was used, in which a small amount of sample (100 μL) is injected into a univette cell containing two electrodes that are used to create an induced electric field. Once the electric field is applied, the particles move towards the anode or the cathode depending on whether the surfaces are positively or negatively charged. The direction of motion indicates positive charge versus negative charge. The speed of the particle's motion is used to calculate the magnitude of the charge.
