*5.2.5 Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)*

Bone morphogenetic protein is used during cervical surgery to increase the fusion rate especially in cases of accrued risk of pseudoarthrosis. Some studies found that BMP may constitute a risk factor for dysphagia following ACDF as it induces inflammation and oedema which will affect the surrounding soft tissue, including the esophagus [37, 38].
