*2.3.1.2 Antimicrobial activity*

Black cumin is one of the most inspirational medicinal plants, with potent antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic properties. Thymoquinone isolated from *N. sativa* seeds showed a broader spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including *Bacillus*, *Listeria*, *Enterococcus*, *Micrococcus*, *Staphylococcus*, *Pseudomonas, Escherichia, Salmonella, Serovar,* and *Vibrio parahaemolyticus*, as well as inhibiting the formation of bacterial biofilms [65]. Different extracts of black cumin and thymoquinone were found to have potent fungicidal activity against dermatophyte strains such as *Trichophyton mentagrophytes* and *Microsporum gypseum*, which was superior to fluconazole but not as potent as ketoconazole [65]. Complete recovery and retroversion of a 46-yearold HIV-positive patient were observed after therapy with 10 mL of black seed twice daily for 6 months, according to a case report done by Onifade et al. [66]. In a mouse model, *N. sativa* seed oil was observed to reduce viral load to undetectable levels in the liver and spleen after 10 days of intraperitoneal injection [65].
