**9. Use of X-ray**

Use of X-ray for spine analysis is essential for treating spine deformities, including with CBP technique methods. Historically, there has been concerns of carcinogenicity associated with X-ray use. Recently, however, new evidence has come to light showing that anti-X-ray sentiment stemming from the supposed carcinogenicity is based on flawed science [91–93]. The bottom line is the linear no-threshold (LNT) model used to support radiation risk analysis is not scientific as it is not consistent with current radiobiological data [94–98].

X-rays and CT scans deliver low-dose radiation doses (<200 mGy), and because of this they cannot cause cancer. This is because low-dose (versus high-dose) radiation exposures stimulate the adaptive repair systems of the body to repair any damage done [99–101]. Although this topic is important, it is a much larger issue than the scope of this chapter but many recent reviews have found that X-rays (and CT scans) are not harmful. In fact, after a substantial and critical review of higher quality studies on radiation exposure, Schultz et al. concluded: "The evidence suggests that exposure to multiple CT scans and other sources of low-dose radiation with a cumulative dose up to 100 mSv (approximately 10 scans), and possibly as high as 200 mSv (approximately 20 scans), does not increase cancer risk." Thus, there should be no hesitation or misunderstanding surrounding X-ray risks. Doctors and patients need to become updated on X-ray safety and not succumb to the traditional carcinogenicity misinformation.

### **10. Conclusion**

CBP technique is a well-studied approach to the structural improvement of spinal disorders. Many spinal disorders with associated pain and functional syndromes have either well characterized or evolving evidence for their treatment by the mirror image approach that underpins CBP methods. The correlation of the spine alignment and postural rotations and translations of posture are of critical importance and unique in the CBP approach.

### **Acknowledgements**

We acknowledge the pioneering work of Dr. Donald D. Harrison.

#### **Conflict of interest**

D.E.H. teaches spine rehabilitation methods and sells products related to the treatment of spine deformities; P.A.O. is a paid consultant to CBP.
