**6. Conclusions**

Hyperglycemia induces a bewildering list of changes during DR in the retinal vasculature, neurons, and glia in animal models of diabetes and in diabetic patients. Apparently, increased flux of glucose and its metabolites affects a lot of cellular biochemical pathway driving a diverse nature of the changes. The main challenge for research studies is to identify those hyperglycemia-induced biochemical alterations that are significant in causing vascular and neural pathologies for the development of new effective ways for the treatment of DR.

*Diabetic Eye Disease - From Therapeutic Pipeline to the Real World*
