**3. Ecosystem management**

The management and protection of ecosystems are essential to the functioning of ecosphere processes and for the well-being of the biotic and abiotic components of the Earth. Different sectors of society view ecosystem management in terms of their own economic, cultural and societal needs. Management should involve all stakeholders and balance local interests with the broader public interest. Effective ecosystem management depends on both cultural and biological diversity, the dynamic relationship within a species, among species and between species and their abiotic environment, as well as the physical and chemical interactions within the environment [87].

There are different perspectives of environmental management, one of which deals with human needs as central such as protecting a young forest because it may be able to be logged in the future which is known as anthropocentric perspective. While the egocentric perspective deals with the needs of environments as central, for example allowing farmers to extract less water from the river to permit more water to flow downstream [88]. Thus, we must appropriately value and manage ecosystems because of their multiple values to humanity and/or because of their value to other ecosystems and both scenarios lead to a healthier environment and more human well-being.

As human numbers increase and people encroach deeper into the remaining natural habitats, human-bat interactions are becoming more frequent, with often undesirable consequences for both humans and bats [14]. However, bats are often considered keystone species, as they play an important role in many ecosystem services [89], bat populations are declining worldwide mainly because of habitat destruction [90] and increased population control [91, 92]. Additionally, the lack of knowledge about bats makes them an easy target for disease-related fears [93–95] and a potential target for persecution [28, 96].

Indeed, bat management requires a comprehensive approach that must consider the development of culturally appropriate strategies that minimize zoonotic health risks and support bat diversity and its associated ecosystem services [97]. However, even with some communities expressing positive attitudes toward bats, bat control efforts and roost destruction are significant threats to the taxon. Thus, healthy comprehensive management depends on a robust understanding of the importance of bat diversity and emphasizes the non-lethal actions by the general public, health officials, and pest/wildlife managers [98]. It is essential to document people's relationship with bats and to incorporate these perceptions into educational efforts and management decisions, consequently increasing the potential for successful conservation efforts. While comprehensive management can be more costly in the short term (compared to typical pest control efforts), the long-term results should provide the best sustainable outcomes that are satisfactory to people, bats, and the environment [99].

The key to sustainable development is to strike a balance between the exploitation of natural resources for socio-economic development and the preservation of ecosystem services. In other words, healthy ecosystems are a prerequisite for sustainable development and all ecosystem services provided by different vertebrate animals, such as bats, compromise options for present and future generations. Hence, it is important to demonstrate that undervaluing one ecosystem service is likely to lead to the loss of many.
