**4.4 Conclusion**

The molecular genetic analysis of mating strategy assignments based on RAPD results suggest that during July–August breeding season (wet), the nonharem males gained access to females and sired more offspring than March–April breeding season (dry). These results suggest that nonharem males are reproductively active, gain access to harem females and enjoy some reproductive success. To understand the reproduction of nonharem males, further investigations are necessary. Solitary behavior can be an acceptable alternative to territoriality because the reproductive success of some nonharem females were relatively high. Solitary males sired number of juveniles but had no costs for roost defense. Harem males were not able to control the movement of the females in their harems because reproduction by nonharem males is possible [2–4, 77, 93]. Since, harem females provided no parental care, the females were allowed to choose their mating partners. The behavior and reproductive success of nonharem males over their lifetime could clarify whether they potentially compensate lower reproductive success per year with longer persistence in the harem.
