**3.4 Conclusion**

Although the high clustering of females in confined roosting places appears to facilitate resource-defense polygyny in *C. sphinx,* recent results showed the failure of harem males in the exclusive defense of harem females and the morphological variables did not differ between harem and solitary males. The present observation suggests that the female recruitment is associated with resource (roost). Taken together with the present results of reproductively active nonharem males, it seems that the solitary nature of some adult males in the population of *C. sphinx* may not be a forced option. However, further investigation is necessary to find whether the solitary adult males adapt any alternative reproductive strategy to usurp mating opportunities of harem males. In order to understand the complex mating strategy of *C. sphinx,* extended molecular genetics techniques to behavioral ecology is required.
