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## Meet the editor

Professor Hechmi Toumi graduated from Blaise Pascal University in France. He is a research assistant at the University of Wisconsin in the USA and at Cardiff University and is an awarded professor at the University of Wales, UK. He has acted as dean of the Faculty of Sciences at the University of Orleans from 2013 to 2020. Currently, Professor Toumi is the scientific director of Translational Medical Research Platform, PRIMMO, at the Or-

leans Hospital in France and vice president of the Institute of Research, Treatment, and Prevention of Osteoporosis. He is currently filing for an international patent application for his invention on the use of algorithmic analyses to identify and quantify invisible detail in soft tissues using standard radiographs. Professor Toumi has lectured worldwide on the pathologies, treatment, and prevention of muscular-skeletal injuries.

Contents

**Section 1**

*by Ferhat Ege*

*by Ayse Kocak*

**Section 2**

*and Vincent Kam Wai Wong*

Role of LncRNA in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Pathophysiology, Current and Herbal Treatment

*by Vadood Javadi Parvaneh and Khosro Rahmani*

Cardiovascular Risk in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis and Periodontal Disease *by Apoorva B. Badiger and Triveni M. Gowda*

*Sonali S. Sansare and Suresh G. Killedar*

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

*and Otilia Tomulescu*

**Preface XI**

Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 21**

**Chapter 3 41**

Clinical Approach of Rheumatoid Arthritis **51**

**Chapter 4 53**

**Chapter 5 75**

**Chapter 6 95**

**Chapter 7 109**

Rheumatoid Arthritis: Severity Classification, Factors Responsible,

*by Sunil T. Galatage, Aditya S. Hebalkar, Sayali S. Gaikwad, Pranav S. Kumbhar, Nikhil N. Patil, Kranti D. Desai,* 

*Sonam U. Kanekar, Samruddhi S. Kadam, Rushikesh S. Sansare,* 

*by Alexandru Caraba, Flavia Corina Babalic, Andreea Munteanu* 

Pathogenesis, Pathology and Genetics of Osteoarthritis

Pathogenic Role of microRNA in Rheumatoid Arthritis *by JiuJie Yang, Jerome P.L. Ng, Kaixi Zhang, Liang Liu* 

## Contents



Preface

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common long-term chronic disease causing joint inflammations, pain, and stiffness. RA affects women three times more than men. Hormones in both genders may play a role in either preventing or triggering the disease. There are four stages of osteoarthritis (OA): minor, mild, moderate, and severe. Most frequently, OA symptoms affect the fingers, feet, knees, hips, and spine and less commonly the elbows, wrists, shoulders, and ankles. Having RA can lead to several other conditions that may cause additional symptoms and can deteriorate living conditions. Currently, there is no rapid accurate cure. However, there are many operational treatments that prevent OA progression and help control the symptoms of joint pain and stiffness. Recent research confirmed that early intervention for RA is key because joint damage cannot be reversed. Clinically, a treat-to-target strategy management to control and prevent the disease and progression is recommended. Rheumatologists often complement this with low physical activity. Exercise, in general, seems to improve overall function in RA without any proven detrimental effects to disease activity, although more research is still required on the optimal dose and types of exercises. Note also, recently interest in traditional herbal medicines has increased considerably. In fact, herbal medicines are believed to be comparatively less toxic than synthetics. Currently, most of the tribal people still depend mostly on local medicinal plants for OA

> **Hechmi Toumi** PRIMMO,

> Orleans, France

Translational Medical Research Platform, Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans,

treatment.
