**Abstract**

The owls in the Arabian culture are a symbol of a bad omen and the embodiment of evil spirits that are roaming in deserts and abandoned places at night to impersonate the wandering nomads. In other stories, for centuries, the Bedouins in the deserts of Iraq and Syria are considered owls as the flying spirits of dead warriors who seek revenge when they hoot or as a sign of destruction. For decades, owls with their fierce and protruding eyes resembled satanic birds; therefore, they are persecuted to be used in sorcery whenever and wherever possible. The old beliefs and traditional knowledge of the Iraqi-Syrian local communities are still an "unsolved" critical issue that interferes with owls' conservation efforts in the Middle East. There are 10 owl species occurring in Iraq and Syria; yet, their updated status and zoogeographical extent are still not fully explored. In this chapter, an annotated checklist of owls in Iraq and Syria, their historical and current distribution, and conservation status are provided.

**Keywords:** birds of prey, human-wildlife conflict, species distribution, Strigiformes of the Middle East, traditional knowledge
