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## Meet the editor

Dr. Luis Rodrigo, MD, is a Professor Emeritus of Medicine, at the University of Oviedo, Spain. He has been Chief of Gastroenterology Service at HUCA Hospital, Oviedo, for more than forty years. He obtained a Ph.D. in 1975 and has developed a long teaching and research career. Dr. Rodrigo has published 716 scientific papers, 435 written in English and the rest in Spanish. He has participated as the main investigator in forty-five clini-

cal trials and has directed forty doctoral theses. He has contributed actively to the formation of around 100 specialists in gastroenterology working in his hospital and other hospitals in Spain and abroad. He has written around thirty-five book chapters and edited twenty-six books in his specialty and related diseases.

Contents

**Section 1**

*by Ali Adel Dawood*

**Section 2**

**Section 3**

**Section 4**

Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus

*by Cibangu Katamba and Onoya Onaluwa Philippe*

Hepatitis B Virus, Genotypes and Subtypes

*by Yan Yan and Chantsalmaa Davgadorj*

**Preface XI**

Epidemiology, Genotypes and Subtypes **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 17**

Mouse Model of Chronic Hepatitis B **39**

**Chapter 3 41**

Levels of Antibody Response against HBV **55**

**Chapter 4 57**

Safe Blood Transfusion in Beta-Thalassemia **67**

**Chapter 5 69**

Establishment of a Mouse Model of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Purification of Hepatic Parenchymal and Non-Parenchymal Cells

Level of Antibody Response against Hepatitis B Virus after Vaccination

and Seroprevalence of HBV in Children Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Novel Diagnostic Approach and Safe Blood Transfusion Practices for Thalassemia: A Vital Role of a Blood Centre in Western India *by Avani Shah, Sumit Bharadva, Parizad Patel and Kanchan Mishra*

*by Habtamu Biazin Kebede and Seifegebriel Teshome*

### Contents


#### **Section 5**

#### Maternal Hepatitis Infections

#### **Chapter 6**

Maternal Hepatitis Infections: Determining Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and C Virus Infections and Associated Risk Factors among Healthy Mothers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia *by Habtamu Biazin Kebede and Seifegebriel Teshome*

Preface

Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that can result from a variety of causes such as heavy alcohol use, autoimmune disease, drugs, or toxins. However, the most

Acute hepatitis is self-resolving in most cases but can cause fulminant liver failure depending on the etiology. In contrast, chronic hepatitis can cause liver damage that includes liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and features of

Worldwide, hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses (HBV and HCV) are the most relevant causative viral agents of chronic hepatitis (inflammation of the liver). At present, more than 250 million people suffer from a chronic HBV infection globally,

Chronic HCV infection accounts for about 70 million cases worldwide, leading to a death toll of about 1 million per year. An approved vaccine is only available against

Both HBV and HCV infections result in a highly increased risk of developing liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and HCC. This book describes the mechanisms of HBV and

The book's focus is on the interplay between chronic infection with intracellular signaling transduction, metabolic pathways with an emphasis on lipid metabolism, the establishment of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis during chronic infection, and the

Despite there being great advances in the characterization of viral life cycles and the development of robust antiviral strategies, significant hurdles persist in gaining a better understanding of the mechanisms that drive virus-associated pathogenesis as well as increasing insights regarding different viral genotypes having impacts on

The first experimental vaccinations against HBV were performed in 1970, even before the nature of the administered "Australia antigen" was known. Soon, it was realized that this antigen was the envelope protein (HBV surface antigen, HBsAg), and it was purified from HBV-containing human plasma. Later, it was produced in

The excellent efficacy of the HBsAg vaccine was confirmed in numerous studies, particularly in newborns from HBV-infected mothers who almost always become chronic HBV carriers without vaccination. The vaccine is also highly effective in older children and adults and has been applied worldwide since 1984, leading to

about a tenfold decrease in HBV infections in the vaccinated.

frequent cause of hepatitis is a viral infection, known as viral hepatitis.

portal hypertension leading to significant morbidity and mortality.

resulting in 0.8 million deaths per year.

mechanisms of the onset of virally induced HCC.

an HBV infection.

associated pathogenesis.

alternate pathogeneses.

genetically engineered yeast cells.

**101**
