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## Meet the editor

Dr. Ifigenia Kostoglou-Athanassiou was born in Thessaloniki, Greece. She is an endocrinologist who graduated from the Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. She obtained an MD from the University of Athens Medical School, and a Ph.D. from the University of London. Her areas of research include breast cancer, neuroendocrinology, melatonin, thyroid cancer, vitamin D, and autoimmune diseases. She has won

several awards for her research. Dr. Kostoglou-Athanassiou has published numerous papers and book chapters. Currently, she works as a consultant endocrinologist and head of the Endocrine Department, Asclepeion Hospital, Voula, Athens, Greece.

Contents

**Section 1**

Novel Aspects

*and Panagiotis Athanassiou*

Thyroid Disease in Precision Medicine

Morphology Aspects of Hypothyroidism

*and Armando Gamboa-Dominguez*

Diagnosis and Follow-Up

*and Sangita Sutradhar*

Hypothyroidism Therapy

*by Hakan Baş*

**Section 2**

*and Goodness Olusayo Olatinwo*

**Preface XI**

Hypothyroidism: Etiology and Pathogenesis **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 23**

**Chapter 3 41**

**Chapter 4 57**

**Chapter 5 79**

Hypothyroidism: Treatment **93**

**Chapter 6 95**

Melatonin Modulates Hypophyseal-Thyroid Function through Differential

Autoimmune Hashimoto's Thyroiditis and Hypothyroidism:

Application of Data Science Approaches to Investigate Autoimmune

*by Ifigenia Kostoglou-Athanassiou, Lambros Athanassiou* 

*by Ayodeji Folorunsho Ajayi, Emmanuel Tayo Adebayo,* 

*by Fernando Candanedo-Gonzalez, Javier Rios-Valencia,* 

*Victor Oluwaseyi Amos, Segun Emmanuel Bamidele* 

*Iyanuoluwa Oluwadunsi Adebayo, Olubunmi Simeon Oyekunle,* 

*Dafne Noemi Pacheco-Garcilazo, Wilfredo Valenzuela-Gonzalez* 

Activation of MT1 and MT2 Receptors in Hypothyroid Mice *by Shiv Shankar Singh, Prashanjit Laskar, Anindita Deb* 

*by Wissal Abassi, Nejmeddine Ouerghi and Anissa Bouassida*

The Role of Ultrasound in Hypothyroidism, Technique, Differential

### Contents



Preface

Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder. It is treated with the synthetic thyroid hormone that mimics the natural hormone produced by the thyroid gland. The disease may be the result of many disorders; however, Hashimoto's thyroiditis is the most common cause. Nowadays, an epidemic of autoimmune diseases may have had an impact on the incidence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. As such, there is renewed interest in the etiology of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Moreover, new developments, such as the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of cancer, have had an impact on the treatment of hypothyroidism in these patients. Therefore, there is renewed interest and new developments in hypothyroidism. This book discusses these advances.

The first section focuses on the etiology and pathogenesis of hypothyroidism. The first chapter in this section discusses different aspects of hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis with an emphasis on the etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The second chapter discusses the application of precision medicine tools in the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of thyroid dysfunction. The third chapter reviews different aspects of the morphology of the thyroid gland and the etiology of hypothyroidism. The fourth chapter examines the role of ultrasound in the evaluation of hypothyroidism. The fifth and final chapter in this section describes the role of melatonin in the modulation of thyroid function in an experimental model.

The second section discusses the treatment of hypothyroidism, including severe

The third section examines the effect of hypothyroidism on various organ systems. The first chapter in this section describes the effect of hypothyroidism on fertility in women. The second chapter discusses the effect of iodine and iodinated amino acids analogous to vertebrate thyroid hormones on sea organisms. The third chapter

This book is the result of the efforts of a group of experts in thyroid physiology and thyroid disease. I gratefully acknowledge the work of the contributing authors. I also wish to thank Kristina Kardum Cvitan and Zrinca Tomicic for their help

Last, but not least, I dedicate this book to my mother, Areti, whose example and

**Ifigenia Kostoglou-Athanassiou, MSc, MD, Ph.D.**

Endocrinologist,

Asclepeion Hospital, Voula, Athens, Greece

Department of Endocrinology,

evaluates glucose metabolism in normal and neoplastic thyroid cells.

efforts made it possible for me to become the editor of this book.

life-threatening hypothyroidism.

throughout the publication process.
