**2.4 Additional psychological approaches**

Eating only prescheduled meals; just doing nothing while choosing to eat; ingesting meals only in one location and having left the table after consuming; buying groceries only from a list, and buying on an empty stomach are some of the additional techniques included in psychosocial therapeutic interventions. Motivational strategies are also used in the psychological treatment of overweight and fat people. Respondents may choose a strongly rewarding experience, such as engaging in a particularly pleasurable activity or acquiring a special item after achieving a goal. Overweight behavioral approaches are typically immediately effective. The longterm success of these therapies, on the other hand, is more debatable, with research indicating that many people regain their original body weight within 4–6 years of finishing therapy [29].

Among the strategies for enhancing the long-term advantages of cognitive behavior therapy are the following: [30].

1.Improving beginning loss of weight

2.Lengthening the duration of intervention of treatment

*Inability to Understand the Complexity of Maintaining Weight Loss and the Complications DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105362*


### **2.5 Environmental and resources factor**

Rebuilding the environment that supports excess and inactivity might be an important aspect of weight loss and control. The house, the job, and the society are all part of the natural world (e.g., places of worship, eating places, stores, movie theaters). Environmental influences include the opportunities for low foods with highly nutritious, such as fruits, vegetables, nonfat dairy products, and other lowenergy-density foods. Instead, of purchasing a piece of candy or packet of crisps and a Coke from a machine, environment rearrangement promotes known frequent dining options that create appetizing items with lower energy density and allow adequate time for eating a balanced diet. Modern lives and stressful work commitments can lead to obese habits that contribute to a less-than-ideal eating atmosphere, but modest modifications can help to break these patterns as shown in **Figure 5** [31].

New findings concepts imply that environmental variables (e.g., high-energy/ high-fat meals, fast food intake, television viewing, etc.) instead of physiological factors are driving the present obesity pandemic. Images and offers of high fat, high calorie, extremely tasty, easy, and economical meals are constantly bombarding people. Such meals come in serving amounts that greatly surpass the regulatory guidelines [32]. In addition, our current societal physical needs have altered, culminating in a mismatch in energy imbalance. Hectic lives exacerbate the impact of environmental variables by obstructing weight reduction attempts and encouraging fat accumulation. Prevention and treatment necessitate changes in environmental and societal policies, particularly in the areas of serving sizes, accessibility of healthy foods, and physical exercise encouragement [33].



**Figure 5.**

*Overweight prevention through environmental modulation.*

### **2.6 Dietary counseling**

Obesity and overweight management need the active engagement of the individual. Nutritionists can give clients a basis of education that will enable them to make informed dietary choices [9]. Nutrition education is separate from nutrition counseling, even though the two have a lot in common. The motivational, emotional, and psychological concerns related to the current job of weight reduction and weight maintenance are more directly addressed in health promotion and nutritional management. It discusses the how and why of dietary behavior adjustments [34]. Nutrition education, on the other hand, gives fundamental knowledge on the scientific foundations of nutrition, allowing individuals to make educated decisions regarding food, cooking techniques, dining out, and serving size. Nutrition curriculums may also cover topics such as the importance of nutrition in illness prevention, sports nutrition, and nutrition for pregnant and nursing women. Successful nutrition education provides nutrition knowledge and its application to healthy lifestyles [35].

### **2.7 Diet**

There are two phases to weight-management initiatives: weight reduction and weight management. While exercise is the most essential component of a weight-loss scheme that impacts the pace of losing weight, it is apparent that food restriction is the most essential element of a weight-loss strategy that affects the rate of weight loss [36]. Food consumption contributes to 100% of daily intake, but movement contributes to just 15–30% of the energy requirement. As a result, limiting energy intake may have the greatest effect on the energy equation given. The number of diets recommended is nearly infinite, but regardless of the nomenclature, all diets should include an increase in protein, below in carbohydrates, low in fat amounts, and should be high in fiber diets [9].

Several low-fat foods are also rich in dietary fiber, and some researchers link lowfat diets' positive influences to their high proportion of dietary fiber-rich vegetables and fruits. High-fiber meals are recommended since they may lower calorie intake and affect metabolism. Nutritional fiber's positive benefits may be done through the following pathways: [37].


### **2.8 Psychotherapist and consultation**

Weight control is influenced by emotional and psychological variables. Counseling services are those that take into account emotional concerns related to binge eating and are designed to educate the patient about the existence of these disorders, their consequences, and the options for long-term treatment [38]. This technique is less complex, intensive, and long-lasting than counseling. Despite continuing counseling, it should be possible to assist patients to grasp the nature and extent of a destructive home or the phenomena of stress-related appetite. These services will be provided

*Inability to Understand the Complexity of Maintaining Weight Loss and the Complications DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105362*

by a counselor or therapist in individual or group sessions. These counselors, on the other hand, should be well-versed in the challenges that come with weight-loss regimens, such as binge-eating disorders. Individual case management, as well as group sessions, can be useful in the short term since patients can hear the perspectives of others with good weight difficulties while tackling their problems [39].

### **2.9 Surgical procedure**

Although it is unlikely that many members would be candidates for obesity surgery, a review of weight-loss regimens would be incomplete without including this possibility. The minor weight reduction via psychological treatment and/or medicines does not change the overweight status of enormously obese people (those with a body mass index (BMI) of 35 or 40). Obesity surgery may result in large, long-term weight loss for certain people. Numerous studies have indicated significant reductions in the incidence and death of patients who are morbidly obese, and surgery is being offered to these people more frequently [40].
