**2. Conclusions**

As the prevalence of diabetes increases in various societies, particularly in developing countries, the total number of fetuses born to diabetic mothers will continue to increase in the coming decades. The metabolic changes caused by maternal diabetes disrupt glucose homeostasis in the fetus and cause numerous problems for the fetus. Nowadays, these metabolic disorders are discussed in various studies. Previous studies have clearly shown an association between maternal blood sugar levels and an increased risk of birth defects. Researchers have found that maternal hyperglycemia can have teratogenic effects on fetuses. However, the exact mechanism of the cause of the malformations in the fetuses of diabetic mothers is not yet known. It is well documented that diabetes during pregnancy has significant effects on fetal central nervous system development, particularly the hippocampus, which can lead to disorders in learning, memory, and attention in newborns and adults. In this regard, it is suggested that suitable management of hyperglycemia and dissecting out the mechanisms responsible for diabetes-related changes in the functions of the hippocampus, could help to prevent impaired cognitive and memory functions in offspring and adults.
