*6.4.2 Genotypic assays*

Target site mutations and metabolic resistance are the major pathways of insecticide resistance in insect vectors. In case of *Triatomine* bugs, studies have utilized the detection of these altered effects on certain enzymes and genes. The qRT-PCR was used to compare three triatomine species: *Triatoma dimidiata, T. infestans* and *T. pallidipennis* by studying their resistance associated metabolic and the target mutations in Latin America [97]. The transcriptome analysis of the genes encoding various proteins played a significant role in *T. infestans* to analyze the metabolism of essential compounds in the vector's body and its effect on insecticide resistance [98]. The detection of pyrethroid induced alterations in the developing eggs of *Triatomine* at the molecular level has proved to be another promising tool [99, 100].

#### *6.4.3 Proteomics assays*

Some insecticides interfere with the physiological functions in insects such as affecting the neuro-endocrine hormones. This property may be used to study the development of resistance to these insecticides and proposing candidate molecular targets responsible for resistance. LC/MS–MS has been utilized to validate certain post translational modifications in the neuro-endocrine factors in *Triatomine* [101]. The proteins essential for the structural and the metabolic constructs in Triatomine can prove to be good targets for detecting insecticide resistant populations. The transcriptome analysis, BLAST analysis and other sequencing platforms can pave the way for detecting the resistance effects on the basis of transcription factors, cell signaling pathways and cellular biology of the vector [98].
