**6. Microbials**

Entomopathogenic fungi and bacteria are, in general, not indirectly harmful to natural enemies, this may vary depending on concentration, natural enemy type, life stage exposed, the timing of application, and environmental conditions [114, 115].

Indirect effect not be associated with entomopathogenic fungi or bacteria [116]. *B. thuringiensis* has been indirect effects on some parasitoids this is depended on the formulation [117].

Natural enemies ingest fungal spores during grooming or feeding on contaminated hosts [89]; also, indirect effects depend on the concentration of spores [118]. Entomopathogenic fungi indirectly affect some natural enemies during feeding on prey that have been sprayed. Larvae of, *Cryptolaemus montrouzieri* were killed (50% mortality) after consuming mealybugs that had been sprayed with *Beauveria bassiana* [115]. *B. bassiana* decreased the fecundity of *N. californicus* females [104]. Fungus *Cephalosporium lecanii* exhibited no indirect effects on the longevity of the leafminer parasitoid, *Diglyphus begini* [119]. Exposure to *Metarhizium anisopliae* had no indirect effect on prey consumption (fungus gnat larvae) of rove beetle, *A. coriaria* adults [101]. Exposure to *Isaria* (=*Paecilomyces*) *fumosoroseus* at low relative humidity (55%) resulted in no indirect effects on foraging behavior and longevity of the aphid parasitoid, *Aphelinus asychis* whereas both parameters were significantly reduced when exposed to a high (≥95%) relative humidity, which could impact the ability of the parasitoid to regulate aphid populations. Ovipositing females may avoid prey that is infected by entomopathogenic fungi [114].

Spinosad has been demonstrated to be indirectly harmful to a variety of predatory insects such as, *C. carnea* [120]; *Hippodamia convergens*; *Orius laevigatus*, *Geocoris punctipes*; and *Nabis* sp. [121, 122]. Exposure to spinosad extended development time from the first instar to adult and decreased fertility of *Harmonia axyridis* females. Nevertheless, exposure to spinosad did not inhibit foraging behavior and reproduction of *P. persimilis* females [123, 124]. Parasitoids may be indirectly affected by spinosad based on decreased reproduction and reduced longevity [125, 126].
