*5.1.1.1 Pupicidal activity*

The pupicidal activity of nano-biopesticides is helpful in preventing the attack of pupae of different insect groups. It can be measured after applying the nanobiopesticides applied to the pupae of the target insects. This activity strongly measures the mortality rate after one day, which depends on the concentrations of nano-biopesticides. The work of Sivapriyajothi *et al.* [91] shows that nano-particles from the extraction of *Leucas aspera* show pupicidal activity in the concentration values (LC 50 and LC 90) for killing the larvae of mosquito vectors such as *Aedes aegypti*.
