**8. Inactivation of non-enveloped viruses by aldehydes**

Aldehydes, such as glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde, and *ortho*-phthaldehyde, are widely used for sterilization, high-level disinfection for critical and semi-critical medical devices, biomanufacturing, and preservation. Their use for regular disinfection, sanitization, or antisepsis has been more limited, primarily due to human toxicity concerns. The efficacy of aldehydes, similar to the case for other types of actives, is concentration-dependent. There have been limited side-by-side comparison studies of the susceptibility of non-enveloped viruses to aldehydes; however, it may be concluded that animal parvoviruses seem to be less susceptible than other viruses, such as poliovirus, hepatitis A virus, feline calicivirus, adenovirus, reovirus, and rotavirus [74]. Within the parvoviruses, porcine parvovirus seems to be less susceptible to aldehydes than minute virus of mice (**Table 8**).
