**2.3 Twelve to sixteenth centuries**

The years between the 12th to 16th century demonstrated a great stride in the establishment of medical schools across Europe and other regions such as India and Egypt. Schools in hospitals and more medical schools at universities were established in the United Kingdom, Italy, Portugal, Germany, Czeck republic, Austria, Poland, Switzerland, Sweden, Denmark, and Spain. One of the earliest of these schools was established at the University of Oxford, UK [8]. In 1310, Dr. Gaddesden published *Rosa Anglica* the earliest surviving medical textbook in Britain. This period showed the rise of licensing and structured educational programs that involved years of study after the first degree of Master of Arts. The educational preparation of doctors involved studying for six years and undergoing practical training and lecturing for another two years once licensed. In 1421, the British Parliament petitioned the passing of a law that restricts medical practice to qualifications granted by university education only. In 1518, the first professional body, the Royal College of Physicians of London, was established as the oldest British professional membership body and medical college dedicated to improving the practice of medicine, and a medical society that regulates medical practice by licensing proficient and punishing pretending doctors [9].
