**5. Changes in the culture of mentoring**

"Mentoring up" is a concept that empowers mentees to be active participants in their mentoring relationships by shifting the emphasis from the mentors' responsibilities in the mentor-mentee relationship to equal emphasis on the mentees' contributions.

Mentoring is usually accomplished through its sub role functions of "teaching, socializing, providing opportunity, sponsoring, coaching, guiding, protecting, advising and counselling, encouraging, inspiring, challenging, role modelling, supporting, and befriending" [15, 16].
