**4. Analysis of homes and their environment (habitat)**

In the analysis of the conditions of the households of families, with low economic income, the Model of Assessment of the Conditions of Rural Housing and the Environment was applied [5], which includes surveys, registration cards and photographic report. The model proposes that initially the analysis of the current situation (zero time- "t0") should be carried out, *which consists in obtaining the information on site and determining* the conditions of the dwellings and their housing environment. The analyses include the socio-economic aspects of low-income families, the characteristics, conditions and basic services of housing, the management of the waste generated and the conditions of the natural environment, also, at this stage, the health risks, structural safety of housing, the typological characteristics of the community, the flora and fauna, the materials of the place with the possibility of being used in the construction of new homes are recognized.

On **Figure 2**, you can see that the town is located on the side of the Tapachula-Puerto Madero road. The study area is the town of El Encanto and the analysis unit is the houses. The analysis of the conditions of the houses and their surroundings was carried out from a random and representative sample of the homes of the community. In this regard, data were taken from the Population and Housing Count 2010, which, in the case of El Encanto, has a population of 1,726 inhabitants, 446 dwellings and an average of 3,86 inhabitants per dwelling [1].

The conditions and statistical arrangements taken for the sample size were as follows: a) The homes considered in the sample are those inhabited by low-income families, who receive less than \$102.68 national currency per day (5 dollars) or between \$102.68 and \$205.36 national currency per day (between 5 and 10 dollars), and b) The sample size was obtained with the following mathematical model [8].

$$\mathbf{n} = \frac{\mathbf{n}\_0}{\mathbf{1} + \frac{\mathbf{n}\_0}{\mathbf{N}}} \quad \mathbf{n}\_0 = \mathbf{P}(\mathbf{1} \cdot \mathbf{P}) \left[ \frac{\mathbf{z}\left(\mathbf{1} \cdot \frac{\mathbf{a}}{2}\right)}{\mathbf{e}} \right]^2 \tag{1}$$

Where:

z = Degree of reliability (95%, cumulative normal distribution value is 1.96).

N = Population size (446 dwellings).

Q = Probability of success (98%, as a family is considered to generate organic and inorganic waste and makes use of water to meet their biological needs).

q = Probability of failure (2%, since: q + P x 100%).

e = Experimental error allowed (may vary between 0.03 and 0.07; in this case it was taken 0.05).

*Proposal of Rural Housing and Habitat Improvement of the Town El Encanto, in Tapachula… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98629*

**Figure 2.** *El Encanto,Tapachula, Chiapas. Source: NISG [1, 7].*

PR = Percent rejection (considered 10%).

n = Calculated sample size (28 dwellings, plus 10% rejection, therefore, the minimum sample is 31 dwellings. In this case 62 surveys were applied, which is equivalent to double calculated).

Fieldwork was carried out on 11 and 12 October 2019, as set out in the research project. At this stage, the participation of architecture students was held, to support in the activities of obtaining and analyzing information, and with this, the teaching is strengthened, based on the information obtained in the field, in a real context that will be useful in the application of exercises established in the bachelor's degree, in the subjects: Workshop of Construction Materials Zero Impact and Sustainable

**Figure 3.** *Student training.*

Architecture. Subsequently, students also participate in the development of alternative housing proposals and public spaces. Before starting fieldwork, students were trained for the proper interpretation and recording of the required information, in accordance with site analysis tools, too, they were instructed to behave and address people with respect (see **Figures 3**–**6**).

**Figure 4.** *Group of students and teachers.*

**Figure 5.** *On-site* work team *with locals.*

**Figure 6.** *Students in interviews (surveys).*

*Proposal of Rural Housing and Habitat Improvement of the Town El Encanto, in Tapachula… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98629*
