**2.5 Reduction of greenhouse gases emission**

Globally, over 20% of total GHG has been emitted by transportation vehicles [27, 42]. It is partially true that all types of EVs are considered a significant solution for reducing GHG emissions. EVs themselves do not emit GHG. Therefore, their contribution to air quality is undoubtedly in cities with heavy traffic. However, the required electrical energy is generated in power plants that emit GHG. All vehicles emit GHG in their lifecycle. But, the generated GHG by power plants for EVs is lower than the total amount of GHG emitted by gasoline-powered vehicles [43, 44]. A higher ratio of the electrical energy generated by renewable energy sources results in a further reduction in GHG emissions [42] which is the main reason to obtain zero-emission transportation.

### **2.6 New habits and routines of citizens**

Living with EVs will be different than living with gasoline-powered vehicles. As described above, EVs will bring new regulations to city life. In order to use EVs without any interruption, charging of the vehicles in any location might be predefined to the owners. The charging decision of an EV owner depends on the battery status of the EV. The battery power, driving characteristics, environmental and geographic conditions plays a significant role on the frequency of the charging EV. Meanwhile, the selection of charging type, duration and time is decided by the owner [45]. Driving and driver behaviors in the big data perspective were also discussed in the literature [46].

In the literature, different methods have been proposed to overcome the charging problems, such as waiting for a charging station and waiting for charging of the EV [21]. In order to maximize the benefits of EVs, the owners may need to follow new regulations [47]. Therefore, new habits and new routines get into the city life which the governments may previously explain. Currently, many cities and countries have implemented the necessary regulations and practices for electric vehicles. In order to permanent transition in a phased manner, a number of strategic reports are published by the governments [3, 12, 48–54].

#### **2.7 Obstacles to the strategic plan**

In the development stages of the vehicles, either gasoline-powered or electricpowered, there were different obstacles to both vehicles. Although EVs are technologically advanced, the infrastructure to fully replace gasoline-powered vehicles is not ready in many cities. There are obstacles that cities have to overcome in order to have the infrastructure [55]. A well-designed strategic report will play an important role in overcoming the following obstacles in front of the city authorities:


EVs are still under development stage and each city has its own characteristics to adopt the EVs essentials. Because of this reason, currently, there is no specific result that describes the whole experience of a strategic plan. According to [55], the primary obstacles can be divided into sub-obstacles.
