**10. Phytoremediation of arsenic impacted soils**

Considerable research has focused on the subtropical fern *Pteris vittata* as an effective phytoremediation species for arsenic removal from impacted soils [59, 60]. In a two-year study, Lei et al. [59] observed that *P. vittata* effectively removed soil accumulated arsenic; however, the study highlighted the need to assess arsenic atmosphere deposition to ascertain the proper arsenic removal capacity. Rahman et al. [61] performed solution culture and soil container greenhouse trials involving *Pteris multifida* to assess this species efficacy to hyperaccumulate arsenic. *P. multifida* was able to accumulate arsenate. *P. multifida* also was more suitable for nontropical climate than *Pteris vittate.* Yang et al. [60] performed a greenhouse trial to assess the influence of monoammonium phosphate and citric acid amendments to improve the efficacy of *Pteris vittate* to hyperaccumulate arsenic. Both monoammonium phosphate and citric acid augmented the phytoremediation efficacy of *P. vittata*.
