**1. Introduction**

Heavy metals are found naturally in the Earth's crust. Any metals and metalloids with an atomic density greater than 4 g cm3 [1] and toxic at low concentrations are considered heavy metals. They cannot be destroyed or degraded. Mercury (Hg), thallium (Tl), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) are some examples of heavy metals. Heavy metals like (e.g., Copper, selenium, and zinc) are required to keep the metabolism of human body. At higher concentrations, they can cause poisoning. They enter into human bodies through drinking water, food and breathing. Industrial, consumer waste, and acid rain breaks the soil particles and releases heavy metals into water bodies like streams, reservoirs, rivers, and groundwater resulting in heavy metal contamination of water supplies. Heavy metals have several potentially harmful side effects. They can find their way into the environment in various ways and are dangerous due to their accumulation for bioaccumulation.

While comparing the chemical's concentration in the atmosphere, bioaccumulation refers to a rise in the attention of a chemical in a biological organism over

time. As molecules are taken up and broken down (metabolized) or discharged and accumulates in living things. As a result, toxicity symptoms may occur due to contaminated potable water, high atmospheric air concentrations near pollution sources, or ingestion through the foods etc.

There are two distinct categories of heavy metals and can be classified into: (i) elements that are necessary for plant growth are B, Cu, Fe, Mo, Ni, and Zn although poisonous to plants and animals if their concentrations reach definite approach. The difference between recommended and harmful levels for many of these elements is minimal; (ii) elements are unnecessary for animals or plants, such as As, Cd, Hg, and Pb. M, land application of treated wastewater (TWW), fertilizers, sewage sludge and manufacturing practices are sources of heavy metals in soils [2].

Heavy metal pollution in the soil is now a global environmental problem that has captivated public interest, owing to growing concerns about protecting agricultural products. Natural processes originating from parent sources and anthropogenic practices bring these components into the soil agro-ecosystem. Because of the potential for accumulation across the food chain, heavy metal exposure presents a significant risk to the public health and well-being of animals and humans. To solve the issue, physical, chemical, and biological remediation approaches have been used.
