**2. Related works**

The development of a periphery surveillance system for detecting an unauthorized vehicle or target object has gained popularity in the mining industry in recent times. Choudhary and EI-Nasr [15] have developed an automatic target recognition system using a remote sensing system and radar sensor. The system

detects the target by reflecting an electromagnetic signal between the radar sensor and the target object. Ibanez et al. and Ganapathi et al. [16, 17] have developed a sensor-based transportation system for traffic control and vehicle tracking. The system addresses the high level of traffic control issues and improves road safety by tracking a vehicle in the respected area. Mimbela and Klein [18] have developed a vehicular detection and surveillance system. The system enhances the speed of monitoring, vehicles classification and speed of vehicle tracking. Yulianto [19] has developed a vehicle actuated control (VAC) and adaptive traffic signal control (ATSC) system for decreasing traffic congestion, object detection time and air pollution. Santi et al. [20] have developed a GNSS based multi-static radar for the detection and localization of vessels at sea. This system detects the location of a vessel in seawater. Thiel et al. [21] have carried out a case study for a car periphery supervision system for the production line in the automobile industry. Chaulya and Prasad [22] have developed a sensor-based monitoring system for hazardous areas in mines. A wireless sensor network (WSN) has been used for monitoring mine hazard parameters. Kassim et al. [23] have evaluated the performance of an acceleration sensor of the vehicle security system for movement detection. The system determines acceleration for a car using the acceleration sensor and detects the location of a vehicle using the GPS receiver. However, the said periphery surveillance systems do not have the proper architecture for detecting an intruder in realtime for controlling illegal mineral transportation and intrusion through the vast opencast mine periphery. The existing solutions do not have appropriate identification facilities to recognize the intruder, such as integrated CCTV cameras and analysis software. Further, these systems have no provision for providing automatic audio-visual warning at the intrusion site and control room and storing intrusion events with video footage for taking necessary action against the intruders with the recorded proof of the intrusion.

Considering the above limitations of the existing surveillance systems, an intelligent periphery surveillance system has been developed by CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Dhanbad, India, by integrating radar, CCTV camera, WSN, display and warning devices with application software. The main advantage of the proposed periphery surveillance system is that it detects the exact location of an intruder at the mine periphery in real-time. The system also identifies the intruder by auto-focusing a PTZ camera to the intrusion location during the incident, which detects the intruders in real-time while observing the control room. If the system detects an intrusion, it automatically gives an audio-visual warning at the intrusion site where the radar is installed as well as in the control room. The system has the facility to record the intrusion data as well as video footage with timestamp events in the form of a log for taking necessary legal action against the intruder with the proof of the intrusion. Further, the system has a long-range detection capability covering around 400 m distance with integration facility using a dynamic WSN for deploying multiple numbers of sub-systems to protect the long periphery of an opencast mine for controlling illegal mineral transportation from the mine as well as preventing the unauthorized entry into the mine. The system has suitable integrated software that adequately handles the radar and wireless devices, display unit, and warning devices.

### **3. Periphery surveillance system**

The main components of the developed periphery surveillance system (PSS) are an FMCW radar, a PTZ CCTV camera, a wireless sensor network (WSN), a fast graphical processing unit (GPU) and a display unit.
