**4.7 Learning interest of students**

Curiosity to study a course is one the indicators of the interest factor, in advance devotion to courses ahead of the online lectures schedule, being proactively involved in the courses, availing resources for acquiring an internet package in case of non-availability Wi-Fi, monitor information about lectures on the groups of the learning apps, active involvement in the courses during the online lectures.

Interest is inherent to an individual, it cannot be developed by using external forces. However teacher can play a great role in building interest among the students. According to Li's hypotheses related to importance of interest factor in learning process in a class room, interest should match to the intellectual and emotional need of the student [5].

Based upon psychology, Chang opined that interest can be expressed in two ways, one is person's intrinsic liking to something or someone and the second is the little variation among interest and intention, which are the basis of someone's behavior [6]. According to Chiu although interest is inherent it can be enriched by outer forces [7].

Chen has expressed three types of interest involved in learning. The interest in learning could be personal, which is stable with minimum alterations, circumstantial interest related to emotional condition due to the use of hilarious activities and teaching resources and interest that changes the psychological status that a person shows immense interest in something without getting distracted by surrounding and concentrating on the factor responsible for the ignition of that interest [8].

Her opinion is interest can be developed in a classroom setting to bid important choices to learners by: choosing well-collected teaching resources; choosing variety and animated teaching resources; choosing teaching resource in which the students have prerequisite knowledge; inspiring learners to participate actively; providing necessary quick clues and reminders as needed by the student; using new and varied ideas; and assisting the teacher to become idol by displaying craving and curiosity for the subject he teaches. According to Lai, interest in learning is the choice of the individual, as he chooses one thing over other things may be due to positive impact on his psychological status during the interaction with the situation leading to development of intents of learning [9]. As per the suggested theoretical structure by Krapp, Hidi and Renninger learning interest has two divisions' individual and situational [10]. As pointed by Schraw and Dennison, an individual is independent about a learning assignment which enables him/her to develop strong intentions to participate actively in solo decisions and control-oriented tasks [11]. There are 5 fundamental type of interest like individual, situational, latent, actualized (text and task based) and knowledge [9, 12].

Continuous education can be provided through e-learning but there are not much instructions. As well, providing learning materials was difficult for the instructors [21]. Following the transition of higher educational institutes from traditional teaching to distance online education, there is an advantage of setting flexible e-learning models [22]. Online instruction with quickly created materials has low student engagement, which may lead to low achievement in learning outcomes [23].

There are reports advocating the use of blended teaching (onsite and online) to meet the urgent need in Covid-19 pandemic with an objective to meet the vital educational needs by reducing the student volumes, making best use of the resource persons and technology infrastructure, this could orient the students to become lifelong learners [24].

#### **4.8 Learning attitude of the student**

The indicators of attitude factors are like, maintaining discipline, applying logics and showing confidence in problem solving exercises, sticking to the course schedule sessions, timely submission of assignment reports [5, 6].

There is a minor dissimilarity among students with high and low level of learning attitude in outcomes on online learning [25]. There is a remarkable positive alignment observed between attitude and teaching efficiency of physical education teachers of elementary school [26]. The best method to attract students attention during teaching is by encouraging competition embedded with novelty, variety and fun among the group [17]. Above method stimulates a feeling of honor and fidelity to the class from the learners as well. Likewise building relation among the parent and teacher, developing partnership providing animated instructional material and demonstrations have proved to develop teacher's skills. In a pleasing and safe study environment encouraging group activities is the best way to activate multidimensional thinking, engagement, strong learning intention and attitude with improved comprehension skills. There is report that a remarkable positive correlation exists in the efficacy of teachers who integrate information technologies in teaching [27].

#### **4.9 Instructional attitude of the teacher**

In multicultural teaching program, the attitude of teacher is remarkably and positively linked to his teaching efficiency, which functions as an operative tool to assess and improve the efficacy [4]. According to Li instructional attitude of teacher teaching mother tongue has a considerably positive association with his/her sense of self-efficacy [28]. The instructor should encourage online discussion by raising how and why questions to achieve maximum learning outcomes.

#### **4.10 Retention of content**

Retention is one of the important component of knowledge outcome. Students face the challenge of retaining the course content in online teaching unless the concept is applied in real practice. Frequent formative assessment also helps the student in memorizing the information. Online threaded discussion is another way to retain the contents.

#### **4.11 IT skills of student and instructor**

The student and instructor need to have the basic skills and knowledge of computer like well aware of technical terms like browses, application software, icons, files, folders, documents etc. Use of keyboards, mouse, basic commands like copy, paste, save, rename, backup delete is essential for seamless learning and teaching. Student and instructor must be well versed with application of software like word, power point, excel. Good knowledge of accessing websites, making online search, creating accounts, creating discussion boards is important in online teaching. Using antivirus tools and basic cyber security aspects is also imperative.
