**4.1 Demographics**

Out of 308 BAME respondents, majority of them were working for the NHS (267, 86.7%) and the rest 41 respondents with Non-NHS organisations. Threefourths of respondents were women and nearly half of the respondents (48.05%) belonged to 31–44 age group which was followed by the middle age group of 45–54 (29.87%). These 308 respondents reported 11 types of ethnic backgrounds which are broadly represent as Black, Asian, and Mixed heritage. The largest number of respondents belonged to Black African (82, 26.62%) which is followed by Asian Indian (45, 14.61%), Black Caribbean (40, 12.99%), Asian Pakistani (39, 12.66%), and Asian Filipino (34, 11.04%). Overall, 165 (53.6%) respondents belonged to Black race. In terms of job role 190 (61.69%) of them were engaged as Nurses or Nursing Associates; the next clustering was of Allied Health Professionals (44, 14.29%). A majority of them were working in a hospital setting (200, 64.94%), which was followed by community setting (71, 23.05%). Out of 308 respondents 140 (45.45%) worked in this country on work permit whereas the remaining 168 (54.55%) did not need the permit.

### **4.2 Types of racism experienced at work**

**Table 2** shows the distribution of racism experienced by types at workplace before and during the across seven broad categories of BAME groups. Before the


*Perspective Chapter: Impact of COVID-19 on the Health of Ethnic Minorities in the UK… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104871*

**Table 2.**

*Types of racism experienced at work before and during pandemic by BAME groups.*

Pandemic, the main racism type experienced was 'prevented from progressing' which was reported by 186 people. This was followed by 'excessive scrutiny/ punishment' (132), and 'verbal abuse' (98). Compared to Black, a relatively higher proportion of Asian staff reported the main type of racism as 'prevented from progressing' (32.82% vs. 28.99%). The order of importance of next two reasons 'excessive scrutiny/ punishment' and 'verbal abuse' was slightly different between Black and Asian groups; Black staff experienced more 'excessive scrutiny/punishment' whereas Asian staff faced more of 'verbal abuse'.

During the Pandemic, the share of 'other type of harassment' was the highest (111 people) followed by 'none of the listed reasons' (106 people reported). The share of 'prevented from progressing' which was the prominent type before the Pandemic for 186 people was reported by fewer people (101) during the pandemic. Further, 'excessive scrutiny/ punishment' and 'verbal abuse' were reported by 87 and 58 people respectively during the Pandemic. Black people experiencing more of 'excessive scrutiny/punishment' and Asian people facing more of 'verbal abuse' continued during the Pandemic as well. Thus, the important types of racism experienced differed between 'before the Pandemic' and 'during the Pandemic'.
