**2.2 Physical activity**

Daily exercise also boosts immune system and improve physical and mental health wellbeing. WHO recommends regular exercise including brisk walking for adults for at least 30 minutes for five days a week. There is extensive evidence in the UK that physical activity level is low among BAME population with majority of mid-aged do not meet the recommended daily exercise level. NHS health professionals also advice light to moderate intensity exercise daily including Yoga for people suffering from long-term conditions to remain energetic, less stress and manage the condition better. Meditation and breathing exercise especially the *Bhramari* pranayama, a meditative breathing technique, improves immunity, reduces stress, fatigue and also regulates the endocrine glands. Some other breathing techniques are also effective i.e., Pursed lip breathing, diaphragmatic breathing, breath focus technique, lion's breath, alternate nostril breathing, known as *nadi shodhana* pranayama, equal breathing, resonant and coherent breathing and *shitali* breath and deep breathing [7].

## **2.3 Socioeconomic status**

The pertinent issue still remains among BAME is their low-income level, poor economic status, employed in low-paid and high risks jobs, and continue to live in poor housing conditions and deprived areas. This in turn directly affects their purchasing power to buy healthy and nutritious food, maintain hygiene and sustaining good health. The level of health literacy among them is low, therefore the key challenge is how to change their food habits, improve their nutrition level and raise their immunity level in order to prepare them against the subsequent waves/ variants of the coronavirus and other infectious diseases.
