**6.3 Cost sharing modality**

This form is mainly implemented using government-funded student loan programs (public and private university students) and income diversification activities, which do not work in many mature African countries. Student loan programs cannot operate effectively because loan recipients refuse to repay loans (due to low loan recovery rates), especially due to the lack of transparency in identifying poor students and politicizing loan programs. According to anecdotal evidence, African politicians often use higher education student loan programs to set their political and populist agendas. The main assumption of the African higher education costsharing policy (implemented there) is that higher education is private property, creating more historical income for graduates and their families. Therefore, the cost is borne by the beneficiary [25].

If implemented carefully, the cost-sharing method of financing public higher education has great potential and can bring a lot of additional revenue to public universities. Institutional autonomy and academic freedom can also be increased by increasing fiscal autonomy. The limitations of the current method of cost-sharing for higher education funds implemented in African universities are as follows:

