Garlic in Traditional Indian Medicine (Ayurveda) for Health and Healing

*Vinod Kumar Joshi and Apurva Joshi*

#### **Abstract**

Traditional Indian Medicine (TIM)- Ayurveda is a Sanskrit Language word, which signifies "true knowledge of life". It is recognized as one of the oldest Traditional health care systems of the World by World Health Organization. In fact, it was a main stream health care system till the introduction of convention medicine in India. Plant, animal and mineral origin natural substances are used in Ayurveda for health and healing. Of them, Garlic is one of the plant origin substances. Garlic is known as *Lasuna*, which signifies, destroyer of diseases. The fresh plants of Garlic are used as edible food substance and also the dried cloves are on ripening to alleviate the disorders rationally in TIM. Garlic is recommended as physical strength promoting, intellect promoting and as aphrodisiac to maintain healthy state of life. Its properties like- unctuous, hot, pungent, heavy has been described to alleviates skin diseases, intra abdominal tumor, chronic rhinitis, hemicranias, epilepsy, fainting etc. Its continuous use causes internal hemorrhage. The medicated milk, medicated oil preparation are used orally as well topically. A number of pharmaceutical forms are seen in more than 3000 years old original scriptures of Ayurveda and also in later works as it was in use by successive generation in India. A comprehensive review on Garlic is highlighted here, including original references with scientific evidences.

**Keywords:** Ayurveda, Traditional Indian Medicine, Plant, Animal, Mineral, Lasuna, Rasona, Garlic, Health, Healing

#### **1. Introduction**

According to World Health Organization (WHO), Traditional Medicine (TM) is a comprehensive term used to refer both to Traditional Medicine such as traditional Chinese Medicine, Indian Ayurvedic and Arabic Unani Medicine and Various forms of Indigenous medicine. Traditional medicine therapies include medication therapies-if they involve use of herbal medicines, animal parts and minerals-and non-medication therapies- if they are carried out primarily without the use of the medications, as in the case of acupuncture, manual therapies and the spiritual therapies. In countries where dominant health care system is based on allopathic medicine, or where TM has not been incorporated into the national health care system, TM is often termed, "complementary", alternative or non-conventional medicine (WHO, 2002) [1].

Across the world, TM is either as the mainstay of health care delivery or serves as a complement to it. The World Health Assembly (WHA) resolution on TM (WHA 62.13), adopted in 2009, requested the Director-General of World Health Organization (WHO) to update the WHO Traditional medicine strategy 2002–2005, based on countries' progress and current new challenges in the field of traditional medicine. The WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2014–2023 thus reappraises and builds on the WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2002–2005, and sets out the course for TM and CM (T&CM) in the next decade (WHO, 2013) [2].

Since ancient times, the Traditional Indian Medicine- Ayurveda is a main stream in health care system since ancient times based on use of natural origin substances available on earth. In Charaka Samhita three origins of medicinal substances has been defined- **तत् पुनस्त्रिविधं प्रोक्तं जङ्गमौद्भिदपार्थिवम्** which are as follows [3–5];

*Sthavara* **(immobile)**, which includes- (i) *Vanaspati* (those with fruits and invisible flowers), (ii) *Vraksha* (those having both flower and fruits), (iii) *Virudh* (weak plant and shrub) and (iv) *Osadhi* (which perishes on maturing of fruits). Further, the vegetable parts used as drug are also described in both the texts, which constitutes; *mula* (root), *tvak* (bark), *niryasa* (exudate), *nala* (hollow stalk), *svarasa* (juice), *pallava* (young leaf), *kshara* (alkali) *kshira* (latex), *phala* (fruit), *pushpa* (flower), *bhasma* (ash), *taila* (oil), *kantaka* (thorn), *patra* (leaf), *sung* (flowering bud), *kanda* (rhizome/tuber/corm), *praroha* (aerial shoots) etc.

*Jangama* **(mobile)**, which includes- (i) *Jarayuja* (all placental bearing- animals, human beings etc.), (ii) *Andaja* (all egg bearing- birds, snakes, reptiles etc.), (iii) *Svedaja* (origin from sweating/humidity/dampness- microorganism, insects, worms etc.) and (iv) *Udbhija* (emerge out from earth- *Indragopa*, *manduka* (frog) etc. Further, danta (tooth/tusk), *asthi* (bone), *mutra* (urine), *purisa* (faeces), *khura* (hoof), *tunda* (beak), *loma* (hair), *nakha* (nail), *charma* (skin), *paksha* (wings), *pitta* (bile), *vrsana* (testicles), *antra* (intestine), *rakta* (blood), *yakrita* (Liver), *sringa* (horn), *mamsa* (flesh) etc.

*Parthiva* **(Earth origin),** which includes- *suvarna* (gold), *rajata* (silver), *mani* (gems), *mukta* (pearls), *manahshila* (realgar), *mritakapala* (earthen piece) *anjana* (galena), *kanchanagairika* (red ochre), *kasisa* (ferrous sulphate), *kamksi* (alum), *Kamsya* (bronze), *ayas* (iron), *tamra* (copper), *tuttha* (copper sulphate), *puspakasya* (purified ferrous sulphate), *riti* (brass), *lohamala* (iron by-product), *vajra* (diamond), *vaidurya* (Cat's eye), *vida* (ammonium chloride), *silajatu* (black bitumen), *sisa* (lead), *sudha* (lime), *suvarnamakshika* (Copper pyrite), *suvarchika*, *sphatika* (Rock-crystal), *harital/ala* (Orpiment) etc. under this group.

Those substances are actually used rationally in Ayurveda not empirically. The Principle and Practice of Ayurveda has its emergence from ancient Vedic period i.e. 3000–1500 before Christ Era (BCE). The Indian seers of ancient age observe the nature and their surroundings and evolved certain basic principles in accordance with the prevailing Laws of the nature- *Soma* (Lunar), *Surya* (Solar) and *Anal* (Air), which influences life of every individual in the universe. According to them, the creation of Ayurveda is for the wellness of all living being. They further emphasize on two objective of the Ayurveda- (i) *svasthasya svastha rakshanam* (protection of health of a healthy individual and (ii) *aturasya vikaraprasamanam* (alleviation of disorder in a diseased person). It is worthy to mention here that the definition of Health is told in one of original scriptures of Ayurveda- Sushruta Samhita(SS) coincide with WHO definition of Health as follows; "a state of physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity [6]. In SS the definition of Health is seen as follows:

समदोषः समाग्निश्च समधातु मलःक्रिय:।.

प्रसन्नात्मेन्द्रियमनः स्वस्थइतिअभिधीयते॥.

One whose *doshas*, *agni* and function of *dhatu* and *malas* are in the state of equilibrium and who has cheerful mind, intellect and sense organs is treated as '*svastha*'(healthy) [7]. This definition is very near to definition of Health by WHO.

#### **2. Evidence of use of similar vedic plants in original scriptures of tim**

The evidence of use of natural substance as medicine in India has its foot-print in more than 5000 years old compendium i.e., *Rigveda* (3000 BCE) a compendium of knowledge (*Veda*) of ancient origin. The *Osadhi-sukta* (well saying on drug) of *Rigveda* is the foremost authoritative document of the knowledge about plants in that age. It says that plant came in existence much earlier from the Gods and has innumerable places of origin and habitat. They have potency like horse and they conquer diseases in the patient on circulating all over the body. Plants were used to make man (*dvipad*- two leg) and animals (*chatuspad*- four leg) free from disease. Atharvaveda (1500 BCE) mention quite a large number of the plants and other substances used as medicine [8].

On comprehensive review of the Vedic compendia, it is observed that a good numbers of plants with their similar name and uses are find places in CS and SS. A few of them are as follows; Asvattha (*Ficus religiosa* L.) is said king of trees in Aitareya Brahamana and its fruit popularly known as, '*Pippala*'. The versatile commentator of Vedic compendia- Sayana, interprets '*pippala*' as '*palaka phala*' (life sustaining fruit) [9]. In CS- *Asvattha* find place by the same name and its phala (fruit) and *patra* (leaf) are used. The *phala* (fruit) is enumerated among fruit group [10]. In SS also, *Asvattha-phalamulatvakasunga* (fruit-root-bark-terminal part of leaf) are used. Its fruit is said as *Vajikarana* (aphrodisiac) [11]. Another plant- *Sigru*, denotes a geographical region but in later text; Kausika Sutra, it has appeared as a plant and prescribed its application in worms [12]. In 27th chapter of CS, Sigru is enumerated with other drugs i.e., **yavani** (*Trachyspermum ammi* (L.) Sprague, **arjaka** (*Orthosiphon pallidus* Royle ex Benth) etc. are used freshly as adjuvant in the preparation of food items. Here, **Garlic (***Lasuna***)** is also find place in green vegetable group [13].

The observational experience on effect of plant initially on animals and thereafter in Human beings led to the genesis of science of Life- Ayurveda (Traditional Indian Medicine) during ancient India. The three natural origin substances i.e., *Audbhid* (plant), *Jangam* (animal), *Parthiva* (mineral) are used to prepare single and compounds drugs from them. On the other side former two are used as food substances. Ayurveda advocate that rational use of wholesome substance(s) by an individual in accordance with season and geographical region makes healthy long life, whereas unwholesome causes various disorders. Ayurveda is known as sub-division of Atharvaveda as honestly written in Charaka Samhita (CS) [14] and Sushruta Samhita (SS) the Original scriptures of Ayurveda- *Vedo hi Atharvanohya* [15]. It is worthy to mention here that many of the medicinal substances used in Vedic compendia are referred in original scriptures of Ayurveda with similar name and uses.

#### **3. Ancient origin of ayurveda (aoa)**

CS and SS are very well known as the original scriptures of TIM with their Vedic tradition, they are considered contemporary to each other as both were created during 1000 BCE. The available scriptures are written in Sanskrit language, which was the language of vocabulary, writing and teaching during that period. Thus,

it is obvious that the complete writing is available in Sanskrit. The CS is the text of Internal Medicine and SS is Surgical Care of Disease a part from medical care. The entire work is presented in question-answer style by Master and Disciple. The contents of the text have been arranged in eight sections and 120 chapters in case of CS and the eight sections are comprising of; basic concepts, diagnosis, specific features, human body, fatal sign & symptoms, treatment, pharmaceutical and successful management [16]. Similarly, the SS, consisted of six chapters and 188 sections as follows; basic concepts, diagnosis, human body, treatment, pharmaceuticals and Uttartantra (deals with-diseases above the neck, pediatrics and internal medicine [16, 17].

On review, one can easily visualize the method of preparation of sizable number of compound formulations too, which are even purchased over the counter for health benefits. A few of the popular compound formulations, which are even today in common practice in Ayurveda are; *Triphala Rasayana churna, Trikatu Churna* and *Chyavanprasha Avaleha* [18].

#### **4. Evidence of first use of Garlic-***Lasuna* **in india**

The use of Garlic in India dates back to more than 3000 years as evident from CS and SS the original available scriptures on Ayurveda in Sanskrita Language. In both the texts "Garlic" is known by the name of *Lasuna* and also by its synonym

**Figure 1.** *Plant of Fresh Garlic.*

**Figure 2.** *Mature Garlic Bulb.*

*Garlic in Traditional Indian Medicine (Ayurveda) for Health and Healing DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97495*

*Rasona*. On complete review of both the texts, it was observed in CS that the fresh garlic is placed in *harit varga* (green group) with other edible plant substances and consumed as food article [19, 20]. The green garlic is consumed while immature and still tender and a bulb not separated into cloves like a mature ones, whereas cloves are used when it is matured. Not only in Pan India but in the neighboring areas like; Nepal, Myanmar, Lao, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, SriLanka (South-East Asian region) similar uses are reported. Thus, it is obvious that in Pan India, Garlic is in use since ancient times (**Figures 1** and **2**).

#### **5. Use of Garlic-Lasuna for health and healing in CS and SS**

#### **5.1 Garlic-Lasuna for health in CS and SS**

The Health benefits of Garlic- *Lasuna* are very much witness in ancient texts viz., CS and SS, which is based on the properties of the Lasuna (Garlic) like; *snigdha* (unctuous), *usna* (hot), *katu* (pungent), *guru* (heavy). and *snigdha* (unctuous), *usna* (hot), *tikshna* (sharp), katu (pungent), *picchila* (slimy), *guru* (heavy), *sara* (laxative), *svadurasa* (sweet) respectively. Of them, due to unctuous and slimy properties it has *vrisya* effect (promotion of 7th *Dhatu- sukra*), which is responsible for the quality formation of sperm cells and thereby *oja* (vital essence) with the result of that enhances body immunity to fight against disorders. Those properties are enhanced, if it is consumed either with milk, and/ or butter or clarified butter, thus in general it has health benefits. With clarified butter- it minimizes adverse effect owing to the properties like; hot, sharp and pungent. In SS it is considered beneficial to eye and advised for physical and mental strength promotion. It has *balya* (strengthening), *vrisya* (aphrodisiac) effects and promotes- *medha* (intellect), *svara* (voice), *varna* (complexion), *chakshu* (vision), and *bhagnasthi sandhana* (union of fractured bone) as recorded in SS [21, 22].

#### **5.2 Garlic-Lasuna for healing in CS and SS**

The Garlic-Lasuna has been prescribed to alleviates *krimi* (worms), *kustha* (dermatopathies), *kilasa* (leucoderma), *vata* (one of the three vitiated elements) and *gulma* (intra abdominal tumour), *Gaurava* (head in heaviness), *Siras sula* (headache), *Pinasa* (chronic rhinitis), *ardhavabhedaka* (hemicrania), *krimivyadhi* (helminthiasis), *apasmara* (epilepsy), *ghrananasa* (anosmia) and *pramoha* (fainting) through nasal route of administration.

In *Vimanasthana*, Lasuna is included among the drugs for non-unctuous medicated enema for intestinal worms. This medicated enema is said to be administered for three or five days continuously. In the next chapter Lasuna is enumerated in *katuskandha* (pungent-group) and medicated enema is prepared, which is prescribed along with *madhu* (honey), *taila* (oil) and *Lavana* (salt) in slesma (one of the three bio-elements) origin disorders. In the same chapter the useful part of *Lasuna-kanda* (garlic-tuber) for sirovirechana (head-evacuation- one of the procedures of Panchakarma (Five measures- *vamana-virechana-anuvasana-asthapana and sirovirechana*) has been included with other drugs in a group. The kshira-paka (medicated- milk) prepared of *suddha-suska Lasuna* (clean-dried garlic) in definite ratio of *lasuna* (garlic): *udaka* (water): *Kshira* (milk) cures *vatajagulma* (intra-abdominal tumor due to vata-vitiation), *udavarta* (upward movement of Vayu-), *gridhrasi* (sciatica), *visamajvara* (irregular-fever), *hridaroga* (cardiac-diseases), *vidradhi* (abscess) and *sotha* (inflammation). The Oral administration of *Rasona* (Garlic) paste with sesame oil before meals is prescribed to alleviate the intermittent fever.

Garlic is one of the ingredients of the *Kanakakshiri taila* (medicated oil preparation) prescribed as topical massage to alleviate worms and itching. In 9th chapter, two kinds of clarified butter based Garlic formulations are seen for *Unmada* (insanity) and *Apasmara* (epilepsy) and in both the preparations, Garlic is found as the major ingredient. Fumigation of Garlic with other plant drugs is recommended to alleviate *apasmara* (epilepsy) [23].

In SS Sutrasthana 39 chapter, *Lasuna-kanda* (garlic-bulb) is found with *alarka, ativisa, sringavera* for sirovirechana (head evacuation). It is included with other *katu* (pungent) drugs in *katu*-group (pungent group) and in *saka varga* (vegetable group) with other vegetables and its properties like; *snigdha* (unctuous), *usna* (hot), *tikshna* (sharp), *katu* (pungent), *picchala* (slimy), *guru* (heavy), *sara* (laxative), *svadurasa* (sweet) has been enumerated. It alleviates; *hridaroga* (cardiac disease), *jirna-jvara* (chronic fever), *kukshi-sula* (abdominal colic), *vibandha* (constipation), *gulma* (intra-abdominal tumour), *aruchi* (anorexia), *kasa* (cough), *sopha* (oedema), *durnama* (piles) *kustha* (dermatopathies), *analasada* (agni deficiency), *jantu* (worms), *samira* (vata), *svasa* (dyspnoea) and *kapha*. Here, the drug Lasuna and its synonym, "*Rasona*" is seen first time in SS. In case of insufficient milk production in lactating mother due to *krodha* (anger), *soka* (sorrow), *avatsalya* (loss of affection to baby) it is recommended as galactogogue. At the time of labor pain to remove the hardness of bowel, milk preparation of garlic with hingu, *sauvarchala* and *vacha* is recommended. In combination with other plant and mineral origin substances, it is recommended in eye diseases as *anjana* (anointment) and to pacify; *kandu* (itching), *timira* (diminished vision), *suklarma* (pterygium), *raktaraji* of the eye (redness of the eye). In ear diseases Garlic with other drugs in compound form of oil and clarified-butter preparations is recommended. The lukewarm oil, prepared with the juice of garlic is recommended as wholesome to earache, head evacuation and in intermittent fever in *ghrita* (clarified butter) form. At other place the milk preparation of Garlic (*Rasona*) is recommended to *Kshayaartha* (patient of tuberculosis). The juice of Garlic (Rasona) as major ingredient with other drugs in Clarified butter form is recommended to alleviate; *gulma* (intra-abdominal lump), *grahani* (duodenal disorder), *arsa* (hemorrhoids), *svasa* (dyspnoea), *unmada* (insanity), *kshaya* (tuberculosis), *Jvara* (fever), *kasa* (cough), *apasmara* (epilepsy), *mandagni* (loss of appetite), *pliha* (splenomegaly), *vatika-sula* (colic). In Uttaratantra of Sushruta Samhita, two compound formulations comprising of Garlic with other Drugs has been recommended as collyrium (externally) and oil in psychiatric disorders. In successive chapter, a compound of Garlic with other drugs in *apasmara* (epilepsy) [24].

#### **6. Use of Garlic-***Lasuna* **for health and healing in Astanga Hridaya (AH)**

In AH (5th Cent.), which was popular text of the Ayurveda in Medieval times, the use of Garlic continued as evident from the similar name- *Lasuna* as referred in two previous original texts of Ayurveda. It is worthy to mention here that the similar verse line to line from Charaka Samhita has find place in AH gulma Chikitsa, which confirms the tradition continued during that period also. In 6th Chapter of Sutrasthana of AH, it is included in vegetable group. Its properties has been said as; *Bhristikshonah* (excessive sharp and hot), *katu* in *rasa* and *vipaka* (pungent-taste and also after digestion and metabolism), *sara* (laxative), *snigdha* (unctuous), *rochana* (stimulating the appetite), *guru* (heavy). It is one of the drugs which is having *vrisya* (aphrodisiac) in spite of *Katu* (pungent) *rasa* (taste) inclusively referred in *Rasabhediya* 10th chapter of Sutrasthana.

*Garlic in Traditional Indian Medicine (Ayurveda) for Health and Healing DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97495*

In this text a few new health benefits including earlier texts, like**-** *hridya* (beneficial to heart) *Kesya* (beneficial for hair), *vrisya* (aphrodisiac), *dipana* (enhancing digestive fire), *bhagnasandhanakrita* (union-promoting in fracture), *rasayana* (promotive therapy) are enumerated. In case of regaining mada (intoxication) *murcha* (fainting) and *sanyasa* (complete exhaustion) due to chronic alcoholism, the juice of Garlic is advised.

It alleviates intermittent fever, if consumed with oil in the morning. Also alleviates severe *Vatic* disorders (diseases caused by vitiation of Vata), *kilasa* (vitiligo), *kustha*(dermatopathies), *gulma* (intra-abdominal lump), *arsa* (hemorrhoides), *meha* (turbidity in urine), *krimi* (worm), *kapha* (one of the three bio-elements), *anilvata* (one of the three bio-elements), *hidhma* (hiccough), *pinasa* (chronic Rhinitis), *svasa* (difficult breathing) and *kasa* (cough). At other place, the compound formulation of Garlic with other plant and mineral origin medicinal substances has been recommended to alleviate *apasmara* (epilepsy) [25]. Looking to the popularity of the AH, this treatise is included with two great treatise of ancient period i.e., CS and SS and all three are known together as *Brihattrayi* (greater treatise) of Ayurveda even today.

#### **7. Carefulness on continuous use of Garlic-Lasuna**

Its continuous use as food items causes vitiation of *pitta* (one of the elements among three *doshas*), which leads to raktapitta (internal hemorrhage). The prodromal symptoms of occurrence of internal hemorrhage has also been reported such as; *annannabhilasa* (aversion to food), *bhuktasyavidaha* (burning on immediate ingestion of food), *suktaamlagandharasa udgaara* (eructation having smell and taste of sour gruel), *charderbhikshanamaagamana* (nauseating and frequent urge for vomiting), *Charditasya vibhatsata* (disgusting vomitus-consisting blood), *svarabheda* (hoarseness of voice), *gatranam sadanam* (malaise), *paridaha* (burning around the body) etc. [26]. Similar caution has been found in AH as follows; continuous use of Garlic-*Lasuna* causes *raktapittapradusana* (vitiation of *rakta-pitta* causes internal-hemorrhage) [27].

#### **8. Healing benefits of Garlic- Lasuna in later works of**

#### **8.1 TIM**

Another noted- treatise on Principles and Practices of Ayurvedic Medicine i.e., Cakradatta of 11th Cent. also having single and compound preparations prescribed in number of disorders like; *Lasunadi yoga* (a compound formulation) having *Pippali mula* (root of *Piper longum* L.) and *Abhaya* (*Terminalia chebula* Retz.) has been prescribed to alleviate spleenomegaly. At other place, the Lasunadya ghrita (a compound preparation with clarified butter) is prescribed to alleviates *sula* (abdominal colic), *gulma* (abdominal lump), *arsa* (hemorrhoids), *udararoga* (abdominal disorders), *pandu* (anemia), *pliha* (spleenomegaly), *yonidosha* (uterine disorders), *krimi* (worms), *jvara* (fever), *vata* and *kapha* disorders and *unmada* (insanity). In this text also its synonym *Rasona* is find place and *Rasona kshira* (Garlic-milk), *Rasona-taila* (Garlic-oil), *Rasona-pinda* (Garlic-bolus), *Rasona-sura* (Garlic-liquor), *Rasonadya-kalka* (Garlic-paste) and *Rasonadya ghrita* (Garlic-clarified butter) are some of the compound formulations advised in various ailments. It is interesting to mention here that the Rasona kshira is the same preparation of CS with little change in verse and the indications are the same

as of *Lasuna-kshiram* of CS. i.e., The *kshira-paka* (medicated- milk) prepared of *suddha-suska Lasuna* (clean-dried garlic) in definite ratio of *lasuna* (garlic): *udaka* (water): *Kshira* (milk) cures *vatajagulma* (intra-abdominal tumor due to vatavitiation), *udavarta* (upward movement of vayu), *gridhrasi* (sciatica), *visamajvara* (irregular-fever), *hridaroga* (cardiac-diseases), *vidradhi* (abscess) and *sotha* (inflammation) [28].

In popular manuscripts of 12th Cent.- Vangasena Samhita, single as well as compound formulations of Garlic-Lasuna has been prescribed. The fine paste of Garlic bulb with clarified butter with consumption of clarified butter in diet alleviates all kinds of Vatic disorders (diseases caused due to vitiation of vata-dosha in body). At other place, a compound preparation- *Rasonapinda* (bolus of Garlic), either with *jala* (water) or *madya* (alcohol) is praised to alleviate- *amavata* (vitiated vata with endotoxin), vitiated *vata* in particular location and entire body, *apasmara* (epilepsy), *svasa* (dysponea), *kasa* (cough), *gara* (poisoning),*unmada* (insanity), *vatabhagna* (fracture due to vitiated vata), *sula* (colic) and *jantu*(worm infestation). The oil prepared from the paste and juice of Garlic alleviates all types of pain due to vitiated *vata dosha* [29].

In the most popular work of Srangadharacharya- Srangadharasamhita of 13th Cent., single and compound from of Garlic- *Lasuna* are included. The *kalka* (paste) 0f *Rasona-Lasuna* mixed with the oil of sesame is prescribed in *visamjvara* (intermittent- fever) and vatic diseases. In continuation to that a compound formulation prepared with matured Garlic-*Lasuna* is recommended to alleviate *akangavata* (vitiated *vata* in particular location), *sarvanga vata* (vitiated *vata* inentire body, *apasmara* (epilepsy), *unmada* (insanity), *gridhrisi* (sciatica), *sula* (colic) and *krimi* (worm infestation) etc. [30].

The author Sodhal has composed the text during 14th Cent. and named it Gadanigrah in which disorders along with their treatment are lucidly described. Amongst the vegetable origin drugs Garlic-*Lasuna* is also find place in many diseases as single and compound formulations. The compound formulation-*Lasunaddya ghritam* (Clarified butter preparation of Garlic with other drugs) with honey and sugar alleviates- *raktapitta* (internal hemorrhage), *kasa* (cough), *gulma* (intra abdominal tumor) etc. At other place with other vegetable drugs, clarified butter preparation of Garlic- *Lasuna* is prescribed in *kasa* (cough), *svasa* (dysponea), *jvara* (fever), *hridaroga* (cardiac disease)etc. An exclusive clarified preparation is made to overcome the *gulma* (intra abdominal tumor) and vatic disorders has been prescribed. The *Rasonapinda* (bolus of Garlic), either with *jala* (water) or *madya* (alcohol) is praised to alleviate- *amavata* (vitiated vata with endotoxin), vitiated *vata* in particular location and entire body, *apasmara* (epilepsy), *svasa* (dysponea), *kasa* (cough), *gara* (poisoning),*unmada* (insanity), *vatabhagna* (fracture due to vitiated vata), *sula* (colic) and *jantu*(worm infestation). The oil preparation of *Kalka* (paste) and svarasa (juice) of *Rasona*- Garlic cures all vatic disorders [31].

During 15th Cent. Kaiyadeva *Nighantu* (Materia.Medica) came into existence, which was created by Kaiyadeva. In fact, initially it was known as *Pathyaapathya vibodhaka* (knowledge on wholesome and unwholesome). In this Materia Medica, Garlic-*Lasuna* its synonyms, properties, action and therapeutic uses as an individual drug has been described. Here the similar properties as found in CS and SS are described. It is worthwhile to mention here that the therapeutic uses are also the same as found in original texts [32].

The noted author of 16th Cent.-Bhavamishra created Bhavaprakasa in which single and compound formulations are prescribed. In this text, the compound formulation consisting of *Lasuna* and other vegetable drugs prepared in mustard oil is poured in ear to alleviates- *karnasula* (earache) and *karna-nada* (tinnitus). The paste of Garlic mixed with sesame oil and rock salt cures *visamjvara* (intermittent

#### *Garlic in Traditional Indian Medicine (Ayurveda) for Health and Healing DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97495*

fever) and all vatic disorders if consumed in the morning and Garlic paste in oil removes *apasmara* (epilepsy). In case of wound with maggots the paste of Garlic is applied to kill them. Administration of the paste of Garlic with sesame oil cures *ardit* (facial paralysis). *Rasonapinda* (bolus of Garlic), a compound formulation is advised to alleviate- *amavata* (vitiated vata with endotoxin), vitiated *vata* in particular location and entire body, *apasmara* (epilepsy), *svasa* (dysponea), *kasa* (cough), *gara* (poisoning),*unmada* (insanity), *vatabhagna* (fracture due to vitiated vata), *sula* (colic) and *jantu* (worm infestation) [33, 34]. He also created Bhavaprakasa *Nighantu* (Materia - Medica) in which Garlic-*Lasuna,* its synonyms, properties, action and therapeutic uses as single drug has been described. Almost similar properties, action and therapeutic uses are seen as found in CS & SS. Here, it is stressed that a person should not do exercise, exposure to Sunlight, anger, excessive water drinking while consuming Garlic- Lasuna, because of hot in potency [35].

Pandit Narhari in 17th Cent. created Raja- *Nighantu* (Materia Medica) in which Garlic –Lasuna along with synonyms are described. Further, its properties like-*Usna* (hot), *katu* (pungent), *picchala* (slimy) *snigdha* (unctuous), *guru* (heavy), *tikshna* (sharp), *svadurasa* (sweet) has been enumerated. By virtue of its properties it has health promotive effects viz- *atibalya* (excess strengthening), *vrisya* (aphrodisiac), medha (mental strengthening), *varnya* (improve complexion) etc. A part from that it also alleviates- *hridaroga* (cardiac disorder), *bhagnasthisandhankara* (union promoter of the fractured bone), *jvara* (fever), *gulma* (intra-abdominal tumor), *sula* (colic), *sopha* (inflammation) etc. [36].

During 18th Cent. Kaviraj Govind Das Sen compiled a manuscript and named it Bhaisajyaratnawali, which consist of 2600 formulations. In this work number of single and compound formulations of Garlic are included, which are as follows; *Lasuna*- *Kshira* (milk preparation of Garlic), *Lasunadi- ghrita* (clarified preparation of Garlic, *Rasona-kalka* (garlic-paste), *Rasona-taila* (garlic-oil), *Rasona- sura* (garlic- liquor), *Rasonadi-kvatha* (decoction of Garlic with other drugs) etc. They are recommended in *apasmara* (epilepsy), *svasa* (dysponea), *kasa* (cough), *gara* (poisoning), *unmada* (insanity), *vatabhagna* (fracture due to vitiated vata), *sula* (colic) and *jantu* (worm infestation) etc. Most of the preparations contains in Bhaisajyaratnawali are still in practice and prepared by the Ayurvedic Pharmaceutical industries [37].

In 19th Cent. Shaligram Nighantu- Bhusanam was created by Lala Shaligramji Vaisya, which is considered the last Nighantu of that time written in ancient style. In this Nighantu, Garlic-Lasuna has been placed under the heading of *kandasaka* of *sakavarga* (vegetable group). Here also, its synonyms like-*Rasona, suklakanda* etc. as referred in previous works are included. Similarly, properties, action, therapeutic uses find in CS, SS and later works are incorporated, which shows continuation of the TIM of ancient origin even during that period. The botanical name *Allium sativum* L. Is included here [38].

A good number of *Nighantu's* were come into existence during 20th Cent. Of them, the famous is Adarsha *Nighantu*, created by Vaidya Bapalal. In this *Nighantu*; Garlic- *Lasuna* is included in *Lasunadivarga* (Garlic group) and its names in various regional languages of India and, Latin scientific name *Allium sativum* L. has been included. Its properties like- *katu* (pungent), *madhura* (sweet) in taste, *usna* (hot) in potency, katu-vipaka (transformed state after digestion and metabolism) and *kapha* and *vata doshaghna* (pacifying *kapha* and *vata dosha*) is written in a way to make it more clear to the seekers of Ayurvedic based knowledge on Garlic. It is worthwhile to mention here that the author has give original textual references on Garlic-*Lasuna* compiled from CS, SS, AH, popular *Nighantu* of different period viz., Dhanvantari, Raja, Bhavaprakasa etc. Thus, it shows that the author has brought forward diversified knowledge at

one place on Garlic-Lasuna. This Nighantu is included in the graduate course of Ayurveda taught in Ayurvedic institution in India [39].

#### **9. Etymology of** *Lasuna***- Garlic and binominal nomenclature based on usna (hot) potency**

It is obvious that the Garlic by the name of Lasuna was much more earlier in use in India i.e., since ancient period and even one of the properties hot (usna) is referred in original scriptures of Ayurveda (1000 BCE). The etymology of the Lasuna is defined by Dalhana as follows; *Lasati bhinatti roganiti lasunam* means, which destroy diseases [40].

The binominal nomenclature / botanical name of the Garlic was confirmed by Linnaeus as *Allium sativum* L. in 16th Cent. It is interesting to note here that the genus *Allium*, Linn. was derived from the Celtic all (relating to the Celts or their languages-a branch of Indo-European family of Languages), signifies "hot", or "burning". Thus it seems that the genus- *Allium* L. has its base from the most prominent "hot" potency". It is worthwhile to mention here that a good number of binominal nomenclatures have its basis on Sanskrit names of the vegetable drugs as evident from William Roxburgh's, "Flora Indica" where he has mentioned that he has picked up names of the various drugs from the works of Amarkosa, Rajanighantu and Bhava-prakasha, which helped him to ascertain their Botanical nomenclature [41]. It is quite possible that the usna (hot) potency, which has included in almost all the works of Ayurveda have attracted Linnaeus and coined the genus Allium [42]. Ayurveda advocates that alleviation of any disorders is always due to the properties which exist in a Drug. In fact, any substance of natural origin qualifies a Drug if used rationally in accordance with the Basic Principles of Dravya-guna-karma (substance-properties-action).

#### **10. Rationale use of natural substance and Garlic-Lasuna for health and healing**

The natural origin-food substance(s) of plant and animal origin are predominance in *bhautika / saririka* gunas (physical / bodily attributes) in accordance with the geographical region. They are 20 in numbers and grouped in 10 pairs because relative to each other. They are as follows; *guru-laghu*(heavy-light), *sita-usna*(coldhot), *snigdha-ruksha*(unctuous-non-unctous), *manda-tikshna*(dull-sharp), *sthirasara*(stable-moving), *mrdu-kathina*(soft-hard), *visada-picchila*(non-slimy-slimy), *slakshna-khara*(smooth-rough), *sthula-sukshma*(massive/gross-fine), and *Sandradrava*(thick-liquid). Because of relative to each other, they produce visible changes in the bodily substances. The judicious use of the food substances in accordance with the beneficial to the *prakriti* (natural body constitution) of a person keeps healthy all along the life, whereas contrary to that use of un-wholesome food leads to diseased state of the body. In diseased state apart from administration of wholesome food to alleviate the disorder drug potency is kept in mind before writing a prescription.

This potency in a drug is known as *Virya* in Ayurveda. In fact, out of aforesaid twenty(20) *gunas* eight(8) i.e., *guru-laghu*(heavy-light), *sita-usna*(cold-hot), *snigdha-ruksha*(unctuous-non-unctous) and *mridu-tikshna*(dull-sharp) are designated as *virya* (potency) because of excellent allowance of gunas acquired naturally in a medicinal substance. Considering the potency of a drug, it is prescribed in definite dose as compare to food substance consumed in large quantity. Thus food

*Garlic in Traditional Indian Medicine (Ayurveda) for Health and Healing DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97495*

(having gunas) as well as drug (having *virya*) play important role in the alleviation of the disorders to bring back equilibrium of the three doshas and therefore in Ayurveda wholesome food (pathya) is the integral part of the prescription along with potential drug [43, 44]. The properties like- *snigdha* (unctuous), *picchala* (slimy) in Garlic- Lasuna have health benefits, which is enhanced when consumed with milk, butter or clarified butter based preparations, whereas- *guru* (heavy), *usna* (hot), *tikshna* (sharp), katu (pungent), *sara* (laxative), *svadurasa* (sweet) has healing effect in a diseased person with hot water, honey, sesame oil etc.

#### **11. Lasuna- Garlic in the ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of india**

In the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India Part-I, Vol.III, Garlic-Lasuna (bulb) is defined as follows; Lasuna consists of *Allium sativum* Linn.(Fam.Liliaceae);a perennial bulbus plant, cultivated as an important condiment crop in the country. *Rasona* and *Yavanesta* two synonyms with names in Indian regional languages are find place here. The macroscopic and microscopic description of a clove of the bulb is described. Following this; identity, purity and strength, thin layer chromatography, constituents, properties, action, important formulations- *Lasunadi* vati, *Lasunadi ghrita* and *Vacha*-*lasunadi* tail are included here. The therapeutic uses and prescribed dose; 3–6 g. of the Drug shows its importance in Ayurveda [45].

#### **12. Scientific evidence of efficacy of** *Allium sativum***- Lasuna (Garlic)**

The pre-clinical study of Garlic extract (50–500 mg/ kg,) has been found antihypertensive response as reported by Sanfilippo and Ottaviano [46], Petkov [47], Chanderkar and Jain [48]; antiarrhythmic by Martin et al., [49], Isensee et. Al., [50]; cardioprotective effects on rodents by Saxena et al., [51], Kojima et al., [51] Ashraf et al.,[52], Sarvanan & Prakash [53], Cheng et al., [54]. The dietary intake of garlic powder (1.0 per cent) for 10- weeks significantly prohibited the incidence of ventricular arrythemias after ischaemia and reperfusion in the isolated rat heart (Langendrorff) preparation Martin et al., [55]. Cardioprotective effect of Garlic was observed against doxorubicin and hypocholesterolamic diet induced cardiac injuries and pulmonary hypertension- induced cardiac hypertrophy in laboratory- animals, Kojima et al., [56], Cheng et al., [57]. Fibrinolytic activity of garlic was observed in animals, Singh & Chaturvedi, 1974 [58]. The Garlic and its Phytoconstituents were reported to inhibit platelet aggregation and to increase the bleeding time and clotting time of experimental animals, Jain et al., [59], Allison et al., 2012 [60].

Garlic have been found other bioactivities viz., antidiabetic, Brahmchari and Augusti [61], Jain et al., [62], Padiya & Banerjee [63]; nephroprotective, Rafieian et al., [64]; chemopreventive /anticancer, Belman [65], Rao et al., [66], Ariga et al., [67]; antibacterial Rao et al., [68], Jezowa et al., [69]; anti-Helicobacter Pylori, Sivam [70]; antifungal, Tansey & Appleton [71]; antiviral, Tsai et al. [72]; anthelmintic, Abdel- Rahman et al. [73], antispasmodic, Gaffen et al., [74], Aquel et al., [75] anti-oxidant, Popov et al., [76], Dong et al., [77] anti-toxic, Bhatia & Ahujari [78], Senapati et al.,[79], immunomodulatory, Tabari & Ebrahimpour [80] in pre-clinical experimental animals.

On clinical study also, Garlic were seen effective in the patients of- hypertension in which significant lowering of systolic and diasystolic blood pressure was recorded, Sobenin et al. [81], Ashraf et al., [82]; coronary artery disease, Bordia et al., [83], Williams et.al, [84]; peripheral arterial occlusive disease, Kiessewetter et al., [85]; atherosclerosis, Rapp et al., [86], Budoff et al., [87]; hyperlipedemia, Bordia et al., [88], Bhusan et/al., [89], Mahanta et al., [90], Vorberg & Schinder [91], Jung et al., [92]; type-2 diabetes, Soebinin et al., [93], Ashraf et al., [94], Kumar et al., [95]; systemic sclerosis, Rapp et al., [96]; Common cold, Josling [97]; cold and flu, Nantz et al., [98]; Rheumatoid arthritis, Denisov et al., [99].

#### **13. Conclusion**

The use fresh plant as well as mature and dried cloves of Garlic is in use in Traditional Indian Medicine since ancient times as per the documented evidence in original scriptures of Ayurveda. The original works are written in Sanskrit Language, therefore, Garlic is seen by the name of *Lasuna* along with its popular synonym *Rasona*. The traditional Indian Medicine has its foot print in Vedic Compendia (3000 1500 BCE) as the similar named plants are find place in Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita, thus the use of vegetable origin substances can be visualized more than 5ooo years in practice and in case of **Lasuna**, it is more than 3000 years. The etymology of the word Lasuna signifies- destroyer of diseases. The properties based action and therapeutic uses itself speaks about the rational use of Garlic- Lasuna in Ayurveda. The genus *Allium* seems to be based on one of the predominant properties 'hot' found in *Lasuna* as referred in both the original scriptures of Ayurveda. The bilingual name *Allium sativum* was coined by Linneaus in 16th Century, which was included later on in successive works.

As per the evidence, the varies uses of *Lasuna*-Garlic (*Allium sativum* L.) as food substance as well drug substances is well established in Indian Traditional Medicine, which is known as one of the traditional Medicines of the World by World Health Organization. The traditional continued since then and documented by successive generation in different period of times, and even tradition prevail in today's India. For Health; it is recommended as; strengthening, aphrodisiac, promoting- intellect, galactogogue in mother,, vision and complexion, beneficial to hairs etc. and for the alleviation of disorders it is prescribed in cardiac diseases, chronic and intermittent fever, abdominal colic, intra-abdominal tumor, piles, dermal disorders, worm infestation, diminished vision, pterygeum, difficult breathing, tuberculosis, insanity, epilepsy etc. Single and compound formulae like Garlic- juice, paste, bolus, clarified butter, oil, milk, liquor and oil, clarified butter, tablets etc., respectively. In fact, the rational use as well formulae are prepared on the basis of properties like; unctuous, hot, pungent, slimy, heavy etc.

It is worthwhile to mention here that the health benefits of Garlic-Lasuna as envision by ancient scholars of TIM- Ayurveda now proved scientifically by the various scholars working on *Allium sativum* L. like- hridaroga (antiarrhythmic, cardioprotective effects, ventricular arrythemias after ischaemia), *raktapitta*-internal hemorrhage (increase the bleeding time and clotting time), *jantughna* (antibacterial), kustha (dermatopathies- antifungal), krimighna (anthelmintic), sula (antispasmodic), *balya*–strengthening(immunemodulatory), vata-kapha disorders (common cold, cold and flu) etc., which corroborate the uses of Lasuna- Garlic in TIM- Ayurveda.

Thus, it is obvious that Lasuna- *Garlic (Allium sativum* L.) is one of the vegetable origin substances in India has its evidence of uses traditionally more than 3000 years for the protection of Health as well as Healing (alleviation of disorders rationally).

*Garlic in Traditional Indian Medicine (Ayurveda) for Health and Healing DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97495*

### **Author details**

Vinod Kumar Joshi1 \* and Apurva Joshi2

1 Faculty of Ayurveda, Department of Dravyaguna, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India

2 Ozone Pharmaceutical Ltd., New Delhi, India

\*Address all correspondence to: joshivkvns@gmail.com

© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

### **References**

[1] Anonyms, Key points; WHO traditional Medicine Strategy: 2002- 2005, p.1-2, World Health Organization Geneva-27, Switzerland, ( 2002).

[2] Anonyms, WHO traditional Medicine Strategy: 2014-2023, p. 7, World Health Organization Geneva-27, Switzerland (2013).

[3] Agnivesa, Charaka Samhita, revised by Charaka and Dridhabala with the Ayurveda-Dipika Commentary of Chakrapanidatta, Edited by Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, published by Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, p. 20 (1992).

[4] Susruta, Sushruta Samhita with the Nibandhasangraha Commentary of Sri Dlhanacharya, Edited by Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, Published by Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, p.7-8 (1992).

[5] Joshi VK, Joshi A, Dhiman KS. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, development and perspectives. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2017; 197: 32-38. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016. 07.030

[6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ World\_Health\_Organization

[7] Susruta, Sushruta Samhita with the Nibandhasangraha Commentary of Sri Dlhanacharya, Edited by Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, Published by Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, p.2 (1992).

[8] Anonymous, edited by Sharma, P.V. History of Medicine in India, the Indian National Scienc Academy, Bahadur Shah Jafar Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi-110002. p. 16 (1992).

[9] Anonymous, edited by Sharma, P.V. History of Medicine in India, the Indian National Scienc Academy, Bahadur Shah Jafar Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi-110002. p. 40 (1992).

[10] Agnivesa, Charaka Samhita, revised by Charaka and Dridhabala with the Ayurveda-Dipika Commentary of Chakrapanidatta, Edited by Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, published by Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, p. 159 (1992).

[11] Susruta, Sushruta Samhita with the Nibandhasangraha Commentary of Sri Dlhanacharya, Edited by Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, Published by Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, p.7-8 (1992).

[12] Anonymous, edited by Sharma, P.V. History of Medicine in India, the Indian National Scienc Academy, Bahadur Shah Jafar Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi-110002. p. 52 (1992).

[13] Agnivesa, Charaka Samhita, revised by Charaka and Dridhabala with the Ayurveda-Dipika Commentary of Chakrapanidatta, Edited by Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, published by Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, p. 162 (1992).

[14] Agnivesa, Charaka Samhita, revised by Charaka and Dridhabala with the Ayurveda-Dipika Commentary of Chakrapanidatta, Edited by Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, published by Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, p. 186 (1992).

[15] Susruta, Sushruta Samhita with the Nibandhasangraha Commentary of Sri Dlhanacharya, Edited by Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, Published by Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, p.2 (1992).

[16] Sharma P.V., Charaka Samhita (text with English translation), Vol. I (Sutrasthana to Indriyasthana),

*Garlic in Traditional Indian Medicine (Ayurveda) for Health and Healing DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97495*

Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi-221001, p. i-xiii- (1981).

[17] Sharma P.V., Susruta Samhita with English translation of text and Dalhan's commentary along with critical notes, Vol. I, SutrasthanaChaukhambha Visvabharati, Varanasi-221001, p. iii-vi (1999).

[18] Anonymous, The Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Part I, (Second Revised Edition, Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, s Department of Indian System of Medicine & Homeopathy, New Delhi −110001, p.110 & 37-38 (2003).

[19] Agnivesa, Charaka Samhita, revised by Charaka and Dridhabala with the Ayurveda-Dipika Commentary of Chakrapanidatta, Edited by Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, published by Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, p. 24, 426 (1992).

[20] Susruta, Sushruta Samhita with the Nibandhasangraha Commentary of Sri Dlhanacharya, Edited by Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, Published by Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, p.171, 232 (1992).

[21] Agnivesa, Charaka Samhita, revised by Charaka and Dridhabala with the Ayurveda-Dipika Commentary of Chakrapanidatta, Edited by Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, published by Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, p. 162 (1992).

[22] Susruta, Sushruta Samhita with the Nibandhasangraha Commentary of Sri Dlhanacharya, Edited by Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, Published by Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, p.232 (1992).

[23] Agnivesa, Charaka Samhita, revised by Charaka and Dridhabala with the Ayurveda-Dipika Commentary of Chakrapanidatta, Edited by Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, published by

Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, p. 24, 251, 284, 286, 426, 440, 472, 476 (1992).

[24] Susruta, Sushruta Samhita with the Nibandhasangraha Commentary of Sri Dlhanacharya, Edited by Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, Published by Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, p.171,230,232, 391, 393, 614, 617, 640, 645, 646, 760, 798, 805 (1992).

[25] Vagbhata, Astanga Hridaya (A compendium of the Ayurveda System) Composed by Vagbhata, with the commentaries – Sarvanga Sundara of Arundatta and Ayurvedarasyana of Hemadri, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, reprint 9th Edition. p 109, 178, 571, 638, 687, 688, 931, 944 (2005).

[26] Agnivesa, Charaka Samhita, revised by Charaka and Dridhabala with the Ayurveda-Dipika Commentary of Chakrapanidatta, Edited by Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, published by Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, p. 205 (1992).

[27] Vagbhata, Astanga Hridaya (A compendium of the Ayurveda System) Composed by Vagbhata, with the commentaries – Sarvanga Sundara of Arundatta and Ayurvedarasyana of Hemadri, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, reprint 9th Edition. p.109 (2005).

[28] Cakradatta (Text with English translation), A treatise on Principles and Practices of Ayurvedic Medicine, edited and translated by Priya Vrat Sharma, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi. p. 176, 245, 323, 386. (1994),

[29] Vangsen Samhita 'Hari'Hindi commentary by Pd. Hariprasad Tripathi, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi, First Edition p. 663, 700, 737 (2009).

[30] Pd. Srangadharacharya, Srangadhara-Samhita, son of Pd. Damodara with the commentary Adhamalla's Dipika and Kasirama's Gudhartha- Dipika, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi-221001, p.174- 175 (2008).

[31] Sodhal, Gadanigraha with the Vidyotini Hindi commentary Part I and II by Sri Indradev Tripathi and edited by Sri Ganga Sahay Pandey, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthana, Varanasi-221001. p.10, 40, 56, 262,512 (2011)

[32] Kaiyadeva –Nighantuh (Pathyapathya-Vibodhaka) edited and translated by Prof. Priyavrat Sharma and Dr. Guru Prasad Sharma, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi-221001, p.225 (1979).

[33] Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakasa edited with Vidyotini commentary by Bhisagratna Pandit Sri Brahma Shankar Mishra (Part II), Chaukhambha Sanskrit Bhawan, Varanasi- 221001 p. 75, 156, 225, 235, 290, 471 (2010).

[34] K.C.Chunekar and N.P.Hota, Plants of Bhavaprakasa editor, S.K.Sharma, National Academy of Ayurveda, Dhanwantari Bhawan Road No. 66, Punjabi Bagh (West), New Delhi-110026 , p.185,271, 272 (1999).

[35] Bhavaprakasa Nighantu (Indian Materia Medica) of Bhavamisra, commentary by Prof. K.C. Chunekar, edited by Late Dr. G. S. pandey, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi-221001 p. 126-127 (2010).

[36] Pandit Narahari, Rajanighantu edied with Dravyagunaprakashika Hindi Commentary by Dr. Indradeva Tripathi, Chowkhambha Krisnadas Academy, Vranasi-221001,p 198 (2010).

[37] Bhaisajyaratnāvali of Sri Govind Das Edited with 'Siddhaprada' Hindi Commentary by Prof. Siddhi Nandan Mishra, Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi, p. 121,526, 540, 597, 612, 650, 970 (2005).

[38] Lala Shaligram Vaisya, Shaligram Nighantu- Bhusanam,Khemraj Shrikrishnadas Prakashana, Bombay-400004, p. 693-694 (2011).

[39] Shri Bapalal G. Vd. Nighantu Adarsha (Uttararardha), Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi-221001, p.617-626 (1984).

[40] Sushruta Samhita of Susruta, with the Nibandhasangraha Commentary of Sri Dalhanacharya, Edited by Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, Published by Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, p. 798 (1992).

[41] Joshi VK1 , Joshi A2 , Dhiman KS3 .The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, development and perspectives. J Ethnopharmacol. 2017 Feb 2;197:32-38. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.07.030. Epub 2016 Jul 9.

[42] Paxton's Botanical Dictionary comprising the names, history and culture of all Plants known in Britain with a full explanation of Technical Terms, revised and corrected by Samuel Hereman, Periodical Express Book Agency, Delhi, p.21-22 (1988).

[43] Charaka Samhita by Agnivesa revised by Charaka and Dridhabala with the Ayurveda-Dipika Commentary of Chakrapanidatta, Edited by Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, published by Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, p. 12,13, 141, 135-150, (1992).

[44] Sushruta Samhita of Susruta, with the Nibandhasangraha Commentary of Sri Dlhanacharya, Edited by Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, Published by Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, 173-186 (1992).

[45] Anonyms; The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-I, Vol.-III (First Edition), Government of India,Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of Indian Systems *Garlic in Traditional Indian Medicine (Ayurveda) for Health and Healing DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97495*

of Medicine & Homeopathy, New Delhi .p. 108-109 (2001).

[46] Sanfilippo, G. and Ottaviano, G. 1944. Pharmacological investigations on *Allium sativum* L., General action II. Action on arterial pressure and on respiration. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 19. 156-158.

[47] Petkov,V. 1966.Pharmacological and Clinical studies of garlic. Deut Zeit 106, 1861-1867.

[48] Chanderkar, A.G. & Jain, P.K. 1973. Analysis of hypotensive action of *Allium sativum* L. (garlic).Indian Journal Physiol Pharmacol 17, 132-133.

[49] Martin, N., Bardisa, L., pantoja, C., Vargas, M., Quezada, P. and Valenzuela, J. 1994. Anti-arrythmic profile of a garlic dilysate assayed in dogs and isolated atrial preporations. J Ethnopharmacol 43,1-8.

[50] Isensee, H., Rietz, B. and Jcob, R. 1993. Cardio protective actions of garlic (Allium sativum),Arzneimittel Forschung 43,94-98.

[51] Saxena, K.K., Gupta, B. Kulshrestha, V.K., Srivastava, R.K. and Prasad, D.N.1980. Effect of garlic pretreatment onisoprenaline-induced myocardial necrosis in albino rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 24, 233-236.

[52] Ashraf, M.Z. Hussain,M. and Fahim, M. 2000. Endothelium mediated vasorelaxant effect of garlic is not mediated through nitric oxide. Indian J. Pharmacol 32.160.

[53] Sarvanan, G. & Prakash, J. 2004. (*Allium sativum*) on lipid peroxidation in experimental myocardial infarction in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 94, 155-158.

[54] Cheng, Y.C., Chang, M.H., Tsai, C.C., Chen T.S.,Fan, C.C., Lin, C.C., Lai, C.H., Tsai, F.J., Lin, J.A. and Huang, C.Y. 2013. Garlic oil atinuates the cardiac

apoptosis in hamster fed with hypercholesterol diet. Food Chem 136, 1296-1302.

[55] Martin, N., Bardisa, L., pantoja, C., Vargas, M., Quezada, P. and Valenzuela, J. 1994. Anti-arrythmic profile of a garlic dilysate assayed in dogs and isolated atrial preporations. J Ethnopharmacol 43,1-8.

[56] Kojima, R., Toyama, Y and Ohnishi, S.T. 1994. Protective effects of an aged garlic extract on doxorubicin- induced cardiotoxicity in the mouse. Nutr Cancer 22, 163-173.

[57] Cheng, Y.C., Chang, M.H., Tsai, C.C., Chen T.S.,Fan, C.C., Lin, C.C., Lai, C.H., Tsai, F.J., Lin, J.A. and Huang, C.Y. 2013. Garlic oil atinuates the cardiac apoptosis in hamster fed with hypercholesterol diet. Food Chem 136, 1296-1302.

[58] Singh,G. & Chaturvedi,G.N. 1974. Anticogulant and fibrinolytic effect of Garlic (*Allium sativum* and *Allium ascalonicum*), an experimental study. J Res Indian Med 9 (4), 1-7.

[59] Jain P.K., Chandarkar, A.G.., Bulakh, P.M., Reddy, B.V., Ranade,S.M. and Mathur, V.P. 1977. Observation on effect of *Allium sativum* on some haematological values in rabbits & human volunteers. J. Shivaji Uni 17, 121-123.

[60] Allison, G.L., Lowe, G.M. and Rahman, K. 2012. Aged garlic extract inhibits platelet activation by increasing intracellular cAMP and reducing the interaction of GPIIB / IIIa receptor with fibrinogen. Life Sci 91, 1275-1280.

[61] Brahmchari, H.D. and Augusti., K.T. 1962. Orally effective hypoglycemic agents from plants. J Pharm Pharmacol 14. 254-255.

[62] Jain, R.C., Vyas, C.H. and Mahatma, O.P.1973. Hypoglycemic action of onion and garlic. Lancet 2,1491.

[63] Padiya, R. & Banerje e, S.K. 2013. Garlic as anti-diabetic agent:Recent progress and patent reviews. Recent Pat FoodNutr Agric 5,105-127.

[64] Rafieian-Kopaei, M., Baradaran, A., Merrikhi, A., Nematbakhs, M., Madihi, Y. and Nasri, H. 2013. Efficacy of co- administration of garlic extract and metformin for prevention of gentamicin-renal toxicity in wister rats: A Biochemical study. Int J Prev Med 4, 258-264.

[65] Belman, S. 1983. Onion and Garlic oils inhibit tumour promotion. Carcinogenesis 4, 1063-1065.

[66] Rao, A.R., Sadhana, A.S. and Goel, H.C. 1990. Inhibition of skin tumour in DMBA- induced complete carcinogenesis system in mice by garlic (*Allium sativum*). Indian J Exp Biol 28, 405-408.

[67] Ariga, T., Tsuji, K., Saki, T. Moritomo, T. and Yamamoto, J.I. 2000. Antithrombotic and antineoplastic effects of phyto-granulosulphur compounds. Biofactors 13. 251-255.

[68] Rao, R.R., Rao, S.S. and Venkatraman, P.R. 1946. Investigation on plant antibiotics. Part I. Studies on allicin, the antibacterial principle of *Allium sativum* (garlic). J. Sci Ind Res. 5,31.

[69] Jezowa, L., Rafinski, T. and Wrocinski, T. 1966. Investigations on the antibiotic activity of *Allium sativum* L. Herba Pol 12, 3-13.

[70] Sivam, G.P. 2001. Protection against Helicobacter Pylori and other bacterial infections by garlic. J. Nutr 131, 1106-1108.

[71] Tansey, M.R. & Appleton, J.A. 1975. Inhibition of fungal growth by garlic extract. Mycologia 67.409-413.

[72] Tsai, Y., Cole, L., Davis, L.E., Lockwood, S.J. Simmons, V. and Wild, G.C. 1985. Antiviral properties of garlic: *In vitro* effects on influenza B, herpes simplex and coxsackie virus. Planta Med 5, 460-461.

[73] Abdel- Rahman, , E.H., Kandil, O.M. and Abdel Megeed, K.N. 1998. Comperative studies of lethal effects of *Bacillus thuringiensis*, *Allium sativum* and *Nerium oleander* on *Trichostrangylide* parasites. Egypt J Zool 30, 193, 134-141.

[74] Gaffen, J.D. Taveres, I.A. and Bennett, A. 1984. The effect of garlic extracts on contractions of rat gastric fundus and human platelet aggregation.J Pharm Pharmavol 36, 272-274.

[75] Aquel, M.B., Gharaibah, M.N. and Salhab, A. S.1991. Direct relaxant effects of garlic juice on smmoth and cardiac muscles. J. Ethnopharmacol, 33,13-19.

[76] Popov, I., Blumestein, A. and Lewin, G. 1994. Antioxidant effects of aquous garlic extract. 1st Communication: Direct determination using the photochemluminescence. Arzneim Forsch 44, 602-604.

[77] Dong, R., Duan, Y.Q., Wang, X.Y., Liu, Y. and Gao, G.L. 2000. Effect of garlic on peroxidation in rats with diabetes. China J Public Hygeine 16, 205-206.

[78] Bhatiua,B., Ahuja, P.L. 1984.Cold tolerance of CCI4 treated mice and its modification by administration of garlic oil and glucose. Int J Biometerol 28, 93-99.

[79] Senapati, S.K., Dey, S., Dwivedi, S.K. and Swarup D. 2001. Effect of garlic (*Allium sativum*) extract on tissue lead levels in rats. J ethnopharmacol 16, 229-232.

[80] Tabari, M.A. and Fbrahimpour, S. 2014. Effect of aged garlic extract on immune response to experimental fibrosarcoma tumor in BALB/ c mice. Indian J Cancer 51, 609-613.

*Garlic in Traditional Indian Medicine (Ayurveda) for Health and Healing DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97495*

[81] Sobenin, I.A., , Andrianova, I.V., Gorchakova, T.V. and Orekhov, A.N. 2009. Time released gastric powder tablets lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure in men with mild and moderate arterial hypertension.Hypertens Res 32, 433-437.

[82] Ashraf, R., Khan, R. A., Ashraf, I and Qureshi, A.A. 2013. Effects of *Allium sativum (*garlic) on systolic and diastolic blood pressure with essential hypertension. Pak J Pharm Sci 26,859-863.

[83] Bordia, A. Verma, S.K. and Srivastava, K.C., 1998. Effect of garlic (*Allium sativum*) on blood lipids, blood sugar, fibrinogen and fibrinolytic activity in patients with coronary artery disease. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 58, 257-263.

[84] Williams, M.J., Sutherland, W.H., McCormick, M.P., Yeoman, D.J. and de Jong, S.A., 2005. Aged garlic extract improves endothelial function in men with coronary artery disease Phytother Res 19,314-319.

[85] Kiessewetter, H., Jung, F., Jung, E.M., Blume, J., Mrowietz, C., Birk, A., Koscielny, J. and Wenzel, E. 1993. Effects of garlic coated tablets in peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Clin Investig 71, 383-386.

[86] Rapp, A. Grohmann, G.,Oelzner, P. Uehleke, B. and Uhlemann, C. 2006. Does garlic influence rheologic properties and blood flow in progressive systemic sclerosis? J Forsch Komplement Med 13 (3), 141-146.

[87] Budoff, M.J., Ahmadi, N., Gul K.M., Liu, S.T., Flores, F.R., Tiano, J., Takasu, J. Miller, E. and Tsimikas, S. 2009. Aged garlic extract supplement with B vitamins, folic acid and L-arginine retards the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis: A randomized clinical trial. Prev Med 49, 101-107.

[88] Bordia, A., Bansal, H.C., Arora, S.K. and Singh, S.V. 1975b. Effect of essential oil of garlic and onion on alimentary hyperlipedemia. Atherosclerosis 21, 15-19.

[89] Bhushan, S., Sharma, S.P., Singh S.P., Agrawal, S., Indrayan, A. and Seth, P. 1979. Effect of garlic on normalblood cholesterol level. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 23, 211-214.

[90] Mahanta, R.K., Goswami, R.K., Kumar, D. and Goswami, P. 1980. Effect of *Allium sativum* (Garlic) on blood lipids. Indian Med Gaz 114,157-160.

[91] Vorberg, G. and Schneider, B. 1990. Therapy with garlic: Results of a placebo-controlled double- blind study. Br J Clin Pract 69 (8),7-11.

[92] Jung, E.s., Park, S.H., Choi, E.K., Ryu, B.H.., Kim, D.s., Kim, Y.G. and Chae, S.w. 2014. Reduction of blood lipid parameters by a 12-wk supplementation of aged black garlic:A randomized controlled trial. Nutrition 30, 1034-1039.

[93] Sobein, I.A., Nedosugova, L.V., Filatova, L.V., Balabolkin, M.I., Gorchakova, T.V. and Orekhov, A.N. 2008b. Metabolic effects of timereleased garlic powder tablets in Type 2 diabetes mellitus: The result of doubleblinded placebo-controlled study. Acta Diabetol 45, 1-6.

[94] Ashraf, R., Khan,R.A. and Ashraf, A. 2011. Garlic (*Allium sativum*) supplementationwit standard antidiabetic agent provides better diabetic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Park J pharm Sci 24,565-570.

[95] Kumar, R. Chhatwal, S. Arora, S. Sharma, S., Singh, J. Singh, N. Bhandari, V. and Khurana, A. 2013. Antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory and adenosine deaminase- lowering effects of garlic in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus wih obesity. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 6, 49-56.

[96] Rapp, A. Grohmann, G.,Oelzner, P. Uehleke, B. and Uhlemann, C. 2006. Does garlic influence rheologic properties and blood flow in progressive systemic sclerosis? J Forsch Komplement Med 13 (3), 141-146.

[97] Josling, P. 2001. Preventing the common cold with a garlic supplement: A double-blind , placebo- controlled survey. Adv Therapy 18,189-193.

[98] Nantz, M.P., Rowe,C.a., Muller, C.E., Creasy, R.a. Stanilka, J.A. andPercival, S.s.2012. Supplementation with aged garlic extract improves both NK and YS-T cell function and reduces the severity of cold and Flu symptoms:A randomized double-blind, placebocontrolled nutrition intervention. Clin Nutr 31, 337-344.

[99] Denisov, L.N., Andrianova, I. V. and Timofeeva, S.S. 1999. Garlic effectiveness in rheumatoid arthritis. Ter arkh 71 (8),55-58.

#### **Chapter 12**
