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## Meet the editors

Sadia Sultan received a Ph.D. in 2004, following which she worked as a chemist in the QA Department of Abbot Lab, Pakistan. In 2006, she was appointed as a lecturer in the Faculty of Pharmacy, UiTM Shah Alam, and associate research fellow at Atta-ur-Rahman Institute (AuRIns) for Natural Product Discovery previously known as IKUS. She has 18 years of experience in the field of natural product research (NPR). Currently, she is an

associate professor in the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacology. She is the author of several books and book chapters, and she has more than sixty research publications in top international journals to her credit. She has also edited one book. She has been appointed as an organizing committee member for several international conferences. She has acquired numerous research grants from the Ministry of Higher Education (MoHE), Malaysia, as a main and co-investigator since 2006. Her current research is based on biotransformation and isolation and characterization of fungal secondary metabolites using modern NMR methods. She is a journal reviewer and an editorial board member of the *Open Enzyme Inhibition Journal*, *Frontiers in Pharmacology*, *Oriental Journal of Chemistry*, and others. Her recent research focuses on dereplication using LC/MS/MS and capillary probe NMR. This is a new area whereby screening on a microscale is done via automated systems and databases.

Dr. Gurmeet Kaur Surindar Singh is a senior lecturer and the deputy dean of Research & Innovation, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia. She completed her Ph.D. in Medicine at the University of Sydney, Australia, in 2015. Her current research interests include neurosteroid metabolism in Alzheimer's disease (AD), regulation of phase II enzymes and neurosteroids in AD, steroid analysis in biological samples using

liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) (method development and validation), neurophysiology and neuroendocrinology, the reproductive study of aphrodisiac plants, and neuroprotective role of astaxanthin nanoemulsion in AD. She has published several papers in reputed endocrinology journals, authored one book chapter, and acquired numerous fundamental research grants from the Ministry of Higher Education (MoHE), Malaysia, as a main and co-investigator since 2010. She has presented her research findings at international conferences such as the International Congress of Endocrinology, Chicago, and the American Society of Mass Spectrometry, Minnesota. She has also won gold awards for invention competitions. Currently, Dr. Gurmeet is the editor-in-chief of the *International Journal of Pharmaceuticals, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmetic Science* (IJPNaCS).

Contents

**Section 1**

*and Sonia Morya*

**Section 2**

Generation

*by Manish Mathur and Neha Mathur*

Control Strategies, and Detoxification

Fungal Growth and Pathology *by Ozlem Gulmez and Ozlem Baris*

and Evasion by Pathogenic Fungi

*and Muhammad Zulqarnain Shakir*

**Preface XI**

Fungal Growth **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 19**

**Chapter 3 39**

Fungal Behaviour **47**

**Chapter 4 49**

**Chapter 5 73**

**Chapter 6 85**

Fungal Immunology: Mechanisms of Host Innate Immune Recognition

*Ameena A. AL-surhanee, Abdullah F. Shater, Muhammad Wasim Usmani,* 

External Signal-Mediated Overall Role of Hormones/Pheromones in Fungi

Glomalin Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Reproduction, Lifestyle and Dynamic Role in Global Sustainable Agriculture for Future

*by Faisal Rasheed Anjum, Sidra Anam, Muhammad Luqman,* 

*Sajjad ur Rahman, Muhammad Sohail Sajid, Farzana Rizvi* 

*by Khirood Doley, Susan Thomas and Mahesh Borde*

*by Kamal Prasad, Agam Khare and Prateek Rawat*

Abiotic and Biotic Factors: Effecting the Growth of Keratinophilic Fungi

*by Chinaza Godswill Awuchi, Erick Nyakundi Ondari, Ifie Josiah Eseoghene,* 

Fungal Growth and Mycotoxins Production: Types, Toxicities,

*Hannington Twinomuhwezi, Ikechukwu Otuosorochi Amagwula* 

### Contents



Preface

Fungi are eukaryotes that present as pathogens, parasites, and symbionts in the ecosystem. There are more than tens of thousands of fungal species described. Chapter 1 of this book provides an overview of fungi reproduction, pathology, and the unique features that allow fungi to survive in diverse ecosystems. Chapter 2 discusses fungal mycotoxicity and pathogenicity and the suitable environmental conditions necessary for fungi to thrive. In favorable conditions, fungi produce mycotoxins that pose a challenge to the agriculture industry, hence prevention and control measures are needed. Fungi are also found in marine habitats, albeit in low numbers. Marine fungi are the key component of the sponges' natural diet. Chapter 3 examines the development and growth demand of fungi. This study enables a greater understanding of fungi and how to take precautions against these organisms. Chapter 4 describes how fungi are detected by the host's major pattern recognition receptors and the mechanisms that fungi use to escape the host's immune response. The majority of fungi are non-motile; therefore, it is important to explore the evolution of fungi mating mechanisms. Chapter 5 discusses fungal hormones/pheromones such as sirenin, trisporic acid, antheridiol, oogoniol, and peptide hormones. Chapter 6 examines how arbuscular mycorrhizae facilitate host plants to grow vigorously under stressful conditions. The final chapter deals with several abiotic and biotic factors that affect the growth of keratinophilic fungus and the substrates that could potentially function as growth promoters in this process. Finally, Chapter 7 explores marine sponge-associated fungi and their secondary metabolites as therapeutic agents depending on their bioactive properties. However, these fungi species are also associated with a wide spectrum of diseases, including

This book provides readers with an in-depth understanding of fungi diversity and

**Sadia Sultan and Gurmeet Kaur Surindar Singh**

Bandar Puncak Alam, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Faculty of Pharmacy (UiTM),

HIV, cancer, and others.

the role of fungi in the ecosystem.
